90年代日本危机与日本文化诸模式

日本90年代的危机不仅与经济运行周期有关 ,而且与日本人的文化价值观、行为模式有直接的联系。本文从暧昧的责任体制、内外分明的集团主义文化、依赖性心理结构等方面对这场危机进行深层次探讨     

语境中的有意歧义

利用语境制造有意歧义能使语言更丰富 ,产生更佳的语言效果。本文首先论述了句法歧义与语境歧义的不同点 ,接着从四个方面 (同音词、双关、模糊语、言外之意 )阐述了文学作品中的有意歧义     

The impact of risk sharing on efficient decision

A group of risk-averse members must choose among monetary risks and payoff-sharing rules. Departure from the status quo requires unanimous consent. Such groups drill for oil, bail out nations, and make hostile takeover bids. Assume agreement on probabilities. As is well known, if all members have identically shaped HARA utility functions, efficient group act-choices follow another such function independently of payoff sharing. We show that all other groups inevitably have complex efficient behavior, accepting gambles among individually unacceptable lotteries in almost every status quo position. We also develop proper risk aversion for groups, and treat disagreement on probabilities.Support of the Associates of the Harvard Business School (Pratt) and the Business and Government and Energy and Environmental Policy Centers (Zeckhauser) is gratefully acknowledged. We received helpful comments from Scott Johnson, Mark Machina, and a referee. Jay Patel provided assistance beyond the call of collegiality.     

指代歧义的生成研究

指代歧义是指句子一个成分可以分别指代两个或两个以上的不同的人或事,从而造成一个句子可以作两种或两种以上的解释。依据乔姆斯基的转换生成语法,从深层结构到表层结构的转换过程是产生指代歧义的所在,原因是深层结构是大脑要表达的思想,不会产生歧义。对歧义的讨论是根据语言结构本身及句子中的词组成分的阿尔法移动这一转换生成角度来探求结构歧义由深层结构到表层结构的产生机制,在完全摆脱语境的条件下探求指代歧义产生的根本原因。这是因为只有语句结构本身提供了产生歧义的可能性,这种指代的结构才会在一定的语境条件下产生歧义。管辖约束理论指出在分析指代歧义时显示出一种指代管辖约束关系,其次,在结构歧义分析中,乔姆斯基的约束理论应用于指代歧义的分析,并在控制理论中的地方域的概念的基础上提出了句内外域和句外外域两个概念,这对于代词在域内或域外找到其两个或两个以上所指提供了证据。从语言本身局限性上讲是指代歧义的产生是由于深层结构被转换成两个或两个以上的表层结构。     

A Rule For Updating Ambiguous Beliefs

When preferences are such that there is no unique additive prior, the issue of which updating rule to use is of extreme importance. This paper presents an axiomatization of the rule which requires updating of all the priors by Bayes rule. The decision maker has conditional preferences over acts. It is assumed that preferences over acts conditional on event E happening, do not depend on lotteries received on E ^c, obey axioms which lead to maxmin expected utility representation with multiple priors, and have common induced preferences over lotteries. The paper shows that when all priors give positive probability to an event E, a certain coherence property between conditional and unconditional preferences is satisfied if and only if the set of subjective probability measures considered by the agent given E is obtained by updating all subjective prior probability measures using Bayes rule.     

英语同音异义词的歧义浅析

在语言交际中,同音异义词容易引起语义混淆,使人们对话语的正确意义产生误解;但另一方面,同音异义词也常常被用作谐音双关语以达到幽默效果.文章对两种同音异义词的歧义现象进行了具体分析,并认为要正确理解同音异义词在句子中的意义,需要充分认识语境作用,使我们既能减少或避免语义混淆,又能体会语言技巧所带来的语言幽默.     

Effects of Risk and Time Preference and Expected Longevity on Demand for Medical Tests

Despite their conceptual importance, the effects of time preference, expected longevity, uncertainty, and risk aversion on behavior have not been analyzed empirically. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to assess the role of risk and time preference, expected longevity, and education on demand for three measures used for early detection of breast and cervical cancer—regular breast self-exams, mammograms, and Pap smears. We find that individuals with a higher life expectancy and lower time preference are more likely to undergo cancer screening. Less risk averse individuals tend to be more likely to undergo testing.     

英语“花园路径”现象的触发性因素

“花园路径”效应是一种局部的语言歧义现象,涉及语义、句法和语用等多方面的因素。听话者的理解过程如同在花园中寻路,经过重新分析不同的歧义结果选择合理的解释。研究“花园路径句”的理解过程,不仅有助于揭示语言歧义的触发性因素,而且能够深化人们对语言认知规律的认识。     

语义歧义与语用歧义

在综合诸家学说的基础上,将歧义分割为语义歧义和语用歧义两个范畴。对二者的分割原则以及各自的定义、分类、产生条件等做了介绍。     

英语歧义现象的成因分析

歧义是人类多元化自然语言所固有的一种特性。英语中的歧义现象非常普遍，形成的原也非常复杂，仅通过对表象的分析似难达到语言内部本质的深度。通过分析英语歧义句的隐性结构以解释其形成的原因，进而探讨语言规则以外对歧义的形成和制约相关的因素，这对于语言的实际运用有着非常现实的意义。