Nonparametric Identification of Risk Aversion in First‐Price Auctions Under Exclusion Restrictions

This paper studies the nonparametric identification of the first‐price auction model with risk averse bidders within the private value paradigm. First, we show that the benchmark model is nonindentified from observed bids. We also derive the restrictions imposed by the model on observables and show that these restrictions are weak. Second, we establish the nonparametric identification of the bidders' utility function under exclusion restrictions. Our primary exclusion restriction takes the form of an exogenous bidders' participation, leading to a latent distribution of private values that is independent of the number of bidders. The key idea is to exploit the property that the bid distribution varies with the number of bidders while the private value distribution does not. We then extend these results to endogenous bidders' participation when the exclusion restriction takes the form of instruments that do not affect the bidders' private value distribution. Though derived for a benchmark model, our results extend to more general cases such as a binding reserve price, affiliated private values, and asymmetric bidders. Last, possible estimation methods are proposed.     

On the Existence of Monotone Pure‐Strategy Equilibria in Bayesian Games

We generalize Athey's (2001) and McAdams' (2003) results on the existence of monotone pure‐strategy equilibria in Bayesian games. We allow action spaces to be compact locally complete metric semilattices and type spaces to be partially ordered probability spaces. Our proof is based on contractibility rather than convexity of best‐reply sets. Several examples illustrate the scope of the result, including new applications to multi‐unit auctions with risk‐averse bidders.     

房地产投资项目的风险厌恶博弈及其应用

在房地产市场中进行项目投资时,不但要考虑收益,更要准确地预测并规避风险。因此,依据风险厌恶偏好理论,构建土地市场和房地产开发市场中投资项目的风险厌恶重复博弈模型并对博弈模型进行均衡分析,将有利于避免恶性价格竞争,促进开发商之间的利益最大化。     

论电影《霸王别姬》对传统观念的解构

电影《霸王别姬》处处隐含着对中国传统观念的解构,具有将英雄还原成普通人的倾向,并形成了文本的多义性和开放性。对电影《霸王别姬》所含意义进行重新阐释,主要从电影中对中国传统文化的传统英雄／凡人观念、传统英雄／关人观念,以及对传统同性／异性恋观念三个方面的解构来评述。     

基于损失厌恶的团队知识共享激励机制研究

考虑代理人具有损失厌恶非理性心理特征,引入分段线性形式损失厌恶效用函数,建立了基于损失厌恶的团队知识共享激励模型,与不考虑损失厌恶的三种情形进行比较,分析了不同的激励效果;采用仿真方法分析基于损失厌恶的激励机制中目标业绩、损失厌恶系数和知识共享重要性系数对双方最优决策和委托人期望效用的影响。研究结果显示:损失厌恶和委托人惩罚力度是负向激励方式,需同向变化,否则将减弱损失厌恶非理性心理特征的激励作用;损失厌恶激励机制中目标业绩有阈值要求,应设置在相对较低水平;当给定目标业绩时,代理人损失厌恶程度有上限要求,损失厌恶的惩罚激励机制具有优越性和合理性。     

基于期望效用-熵风险度量的决策者风险态度

期望效用-熵风险度量将决策者对于风险的感知表示为风险行动的期望效用和状态的熵线性组合,其表达式中,期望效用-熵平衡系数为重要常数参数;展望理论中的实证表明决策者的风险态度和其财富水平相关,文章分析了一类特定决策者财富水平的变化对其风险态度的影响,通过Arrow-Pratt风险厌恶度建立了该类型决策者期望效用-熵平衡系数和财富水平之间的一个关系式,在此基础上分析和解释了一些特定决策者的某些决策行为。     

基于风险厌恶的供应链订货时机分析

基于报童模型,在一个由风险厌恶型制造商和零售商组成的供应链中,分析了三种供应链订货时机:预先订货、延迟订货、柔性订货,并调查了风险厌恶对供应链的影响。不同于已有文献关于风险中性的假设,发现由于风险厌恶,在预先订货方式下零售商有最小化订货量的倾向,在延迟订货方式下制造商有最小化生产量的倾向;进一步的分析结果显示在一定条件下零售商将削减订货量至少一半,制造商利润减少至少一半。为此设计了特许费契约进行协调。认为提升企业信心、消除风险厌恶引起的不利影响,在经济萧条时有着非常重要的作用。     

资金紧缺型企业规避风险时的决策行为分析

现实中许多企业（尤其中小企业）往往需要通过各种融资手段获取资金以支持其日常运作。融资在为企业带来运作资金的同时,也增加了企业的财务风险。通过在经典报童模型中引入企业的财务状态,综合分析了企业的最优运作决策与财务决策,以及企业决策者对待风险的态度（风险中性、损失规避等）对其决策行为的影响。研究发现,与风险中性型零售商相比,在一定条件下,损失规避型零售商能够在不降低企业期望收益的前提下降低企业的财务风险。     

Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities

We combine choice data in the ultimatum game with the expectations of proposers elicited by subjective probability questions to estimate a structural model of decision making under uncertainty. The model, estimated using a large representative sample of subjects from the Dutch population, allows both nonlinear preferences for equity and expectations to vary across socioeconomic groups. Our results indicate that inequity aversion to one's own disadvantage is an increasing and concave function of the payoff difference. We also find considerable heterogeneity in the population. Young and highly educated subjects have lower aversion for inequity than other groups. Moreover, the model that uses subjective data on expectations generates much better in‐ and out‐of‐sample predictions than a model which assumes that players have rational expectations.     

Eliciting Risk and Time Preferences

We design experiments to jointly elicit risk and time preferences for the adult Danish population. Since subjects are generally risk averse, we find that joint elicitation provides estimates of discount rates that are significantly lower than those found in previous studies and more in line with what would be considered as a priori reasonable rates. The statistical specification relies on a theoretical framework that involves a latent trade‐off between long‐run optimization and short‐run temptation. Estimation of this specification is undertaken using structural, maximum likelihood methods. Our main results based on exponential discounting are robust to alternative specifications such as hyperbolic discounting. These results have direct implications for attempts to elicit time preferences, as well as debates over the appropriate domain of the utility function when characterizing risk aversion and time consistency.