搭桥参照研究的问题解决方法

搭桥参照是指话语中照应语同先行语之间没有直接联系的一种参照形式。在这种参照中 ,照应语的理解必须通过推理才能实现。本文分析了搭桥参照的命题类型和结构语义特征 ,介绍和评价了Clark的问题解决方法 ,指出了其不足之处     

Networking Through Loose and Strong Ties: An Australian Qualitative Study

Given the significant role attributed to community organizations by many social capital scholars, it is appropriate to investigate the dynamics of that process. In particular, Woolcock and Narayan (World Bank Res. Obs. 15(2): 225–249, 2000) have suggested that bridging and bonding are two different types of connections, whereby bridging is associated with loose ties across communities and bonding is associated with strong ties within a limited group. This qualitative study explores the loose and strong ties of 39 participants connected through community organizations in rural and urban New South Wales. The results suggest that loose and strong ties are not synonymous with bridging and bonding. In general loose and strong ties differ in degree rather than in kind and people prefer to bridge through their strong ties. The interesting exceptions were ties to professionals, which were highly trusted but defined as loose ties. It is suggested that a model for a high social capital society might be a chain of well-bonded groups each with strong links to some other groups.     

Sample size considerations for Japanese patients in a multi‐regional trial based on MHLW guidance

Since the publication of the International Conference on Harmonization E5 guideline, new drug approvals in Japan based on the bridging strategy have been increasing. To further streamline and expedite new drug development in Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Japanese regulatory authority, recently issued the ‘Basic Principles on Global Clinical Trials' guidance to promote Japan's participation in multi‐regional trials. The guidance, in a Q&A format, provides two methods as examples for recommending the number of Japanese patients in a multi‐regional trial. Method 1 in the guidance is the focus of this paper. We derive formulas for the sample size calculations for normal, binary and survival endpoints. Computations and simulation results are provided to compare different approaches. Trial examples are used to illustrate the applications of the approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人力资本、社会资本与劳动者收入决定

具有相同自然要素禀赋、人力资本的劳动者为什么收入存在显著的差异?在企业内部,为什么“关系好”的员工总是受欢迎,其收入总比“关系差”的员工要高?通过引进人力资本、社会资本两个变量来分析影响劳动者收入的因素,并采用民工收入数据分析,结果发现人力资本(教育)的回报率为10.5%;同时,由于民工受紧密型社会资本的制约,收入与社会资本之间存在负相关关系,即与具有相同教育水平的劳动者比较,民工每月要少收入11.5%。     

Networking Modes and Performance in Israel's Nonprofit Organizations

The present article examines the relationship between networking modes and performance for 138 nonprofits in Israel. We draw upon the bridging and bonding concepts and social exchange theory and introduce the sharing and consulting networking modes to predict performance in terms of organizational growth in resources. We suggest that differences in networking modes (1) reflect variations in organizational size and age and (2) affect organizational growth in resources. We show that (1) the consulting networking mode is more frequent among managers of smaller and younger nonprofits, (2) sharing is characteristic of managers in older and larger nonprofits, (3) sharing has a strong effect on organizational growth, and (4) the sharing and consulting modes are better predictors of organizational performance than those of bonding and bridging. The results indicate that nonprofit growth in organizational resources is possible with networking when managers aspire to higher involvement in the networking process due to the scope and extent of goals.     

Optimal designs for regional bridging studies using the Bayesian power prior method

As described in the ICH E5 guidelines, a bridging study is an additional study executed in a new geographical region or subpopulation to link or “build a bridge” from global clinical trial outcomes to the new region. The regulatory and scientific goals of a bridging study is to evaluate potential subpopulation differences while minimizing duplication of studies and meeting unmet medical needs expeditiously. Use of historical data (borrowing) from global studies is an attractive approach to meet these conflicting goals. Here, we propose a practical and relevant approach to guide the optimal borrowing rate (percent of subjects in earlier studies) and the number of subjects in the new regional bridging study. We address the limitations in global/regional exchangeability through use of a Bayesian power prior method and then optimize bridging study design with a return on investment viewpoint. The method is demonstrated using clinical data from global and Japanese trials in dapagliflozin for type 2 diabetes.     

多元智能在大学英语阅读教学中的渗透

通过多元智能理论在大学英语阅读教学中的应用,提出了先搭桥、再渗透、兴趣贯穿始终的教学理念,试图借助多元智能理论的全面性和渗透性,在培养学生多种智能的同时,丰富教学手段,拓展英语教学的区域,达到增强教学效果的目的。     

李约瑟：伟大的建桥者

对中国古代科学技术的研究和叙述以及提出“李约瑟难题”都未必是李约瑟学术工作的最后归宿,他最为关注的是在东西方之间“架桥”。李约瑟这种架桥、沟通工作和毫无偏见的探究,是解读《中国科学技术史》和“李约瑟难题”的钥匙。作为一个中西文化比较研究者,一个沟通中西文化、科学文化与人文文化,为中西方的“建桥”者．李约瑟的中国科技史研究远远超出了科技史意义,而具有了强烈的人文文化和人文精神意义。     

Training research-minded social workers: experience from Estonia*

ABSTRACT

Social work education in its modern sense started to develop after Estonia regained independence from the collapsing Soviet Union. The aim of this article is to introduce good practices of teaching research-mindedness, this being one of the main principles in teaching social workers-to-be in the University of Tartu in Estonia. We have been inspired by the academic tradition of university teaching in general, the new international definition of social work and, not least, the realisation of social workers in practice of not being able to apply academic knowledge to everyday social work practices. This article revisits the term research-mindedness and examines how it has been integrated into the university level teaching process. Our purpose is to discuss the methods students of bachelor’s and master’s programmes can learn to ‘translate’ social issues into research questions, critically appraise the findings and ‘translate’ them back as new research evidence for social work practice.     

Regional disparities in bonding and bridging social capital: An empirical study of rural and urban Japan

This article investigates regional social capital development by focusing on disparities in bonding and bridging social capital among rural and urban areas of Japan. Rural–urban differences in social capital in Western contexts have been discussed by many studies. Their main finding is that bonding social capital is richer in rural areas and bridging social capital is richer in urban areas. However, the empirical evidence presented in this article suggests that in Japan both bridging and bonding social capital are richer in rural than urban areas, diverging from traditional thinking about these two types of social capital. This finding suggests that urbanization and depopulation in rural areas of Japan have led to changes in people's behavior and their demand for social networks, promoting the development of bridging social capital in rural areas.