职业枯竭:研究现状与展望

职业枯竭是近年来工作与心理健康领域研究的热点问题.本文综述了目前职业枯竭研究的一些重点问题,如枯竭的定义、测量和相关变量等.从定义和测量上来讲,Maslach提出的三维枯竭概念及其测量工具MBI已被广为接受和使用,但三个维度的内部关系还存在争议.对于枯竭的相关变量,本文提供了一个以枯竭为中心的,包含工作压力这一主要前因变量,工作满意度、离职意向、负性情绪等后果变量以及应对方式、社会支持、人格特质等调节变量的完整研究模型示例.最后对职业枯竭未来研究的趋势进行了展望和建议.     

工作投入研究综述

工作投入是工作倦怠研究的一个新趋势。它是伴随着积极心理学的兴起而发展起来的一个新的研究取向。工作投入关注组织中个体积极的情绪和认知状态。个体因素、组织因素和家庭因素会影响工作投入的水平;同时工作投入对个体的工作态度、健康水平、组织承诺以及组织绩效都有一定的影响。     

用职业生涯规划缓解高校青年教师职业倦怠

近年来,青年教师已经成为高校教师队伍的重要组成部分。但是,在他们中间普遍存在的职业倦怠现象,对青年教师自身成长和学校的发展产生了巨大的消极影响。产生职业倦怠的原因是多方面的,职业生涯规划可以较好地缓解职业倦怠,有利于青年教师健康成长。     

教师职业倦怠探析

职业倦怠是教师因不能有效应对工作压力而出现的一种极端反应,表现为情绪耗竭、身心倦怠,是教师积极教育教学行为的障碍,它不但对教师自身的身心健康构成很大的威胁,而且影响学生健康的心理品质的形成。本文对教师职业倦怠进行了心理学解释,探讨了它的症状及负面影响,提出克服障碍、走出倦怠的应对策略。     

The Differential Impacts of Collective Psychological Ownership and Membership Identification on Work Burnout and Engagement

Work burnout and engagement are big concerns among workers in social services profession. While the job demands-resources (JD-R) model has been a key perspective in explaining burnout and engagement, there are few studies on the psychological mechanism of the model. In particular, the role of collective psychological ownership (CPO) and membership identification (MI), emerging constructs in workplace wellbeing, are to be explored. The study aimed to explore the roles of CPO and MI in explaining work burnout and engagement in a JD-R model framework. Through snowball and convenience sampling methods, an online self-report survey was conducted in 2016. Totally 761 full-time social service workers in Shenzhen and Guangdong Province, China completed the questionnaire. Bivariate and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed.

The results reveal the differential impacts of CPO and MI on burnout and engagement in the JD-R model framework: (1) Job resources and CPO contribute most additional R square to the models predicting work engagement; (2) Job resources and MI contribute most additional R square to the models predicting burnout; (3) CPO partially mediates the relationship between job resources and burnout; and (4) CPO partially mediates the relationship between job demands and work engagement.

In conclusion, CPO and MI appear to be distinct constructs with differential impacts on work burnout and engagement. Furthermore, CPO appears to have a significant role in the psychological mechanism of the JD-R model in explaining work burnout and engagement.     

乡村幼儿园教师社会情感线上正念干预方案设计及其实施效果

社会情感能力对促进乡村幼儿园教师个体专业成长及儿童社会情感发展的重要性日渐凸显。本研究招募82名乡村幼儿园教师为研究对象,对其中干预组（N=40）实施为期六周的线上正念干预课程,并通过混合研究方法考察干预效果。量化分析结果表明,乡村幼儿园教师社会情感能力和职业倦怠的测试时间与组别交互作用显著。线上正念干预课程显著提高了干预组幼儿园教师社会情感能力,并且职业倦怠水平显著下降。此外,质性研究结果进一步支持了正念干预能够有效促进乡村幼儿园教师自我认知、情绪管理、理解与共情以及负责任地决策等方面的发展。本研究证实基于正念的线上课程是培育乡村幼儿园教师社会情感能力和减缓职业倦怠经济而有效的重要途径。因此可借助“互联网+教育”模式,为乡村幼儿园教师提供线上心理健康培育资源和教练指导;合理设计线上正念干预课程内容及实施过程,以促进其社会情感能力发展。     

A participatory action research study exploring midwives’ understandings of the concept of burnout in Ireland

IntroductionIn depth exploration of the burnout phenomenon among midwives is sparse. The concept has been extensively studied, but predominantly reports rates and evaluates interventions to reduce burnout. A definition has yet to be offered in the literature from a midwifery perspective.AimsTo explore midwives’ understandings of burnout, professionally and personally, in the context of contemporary maternity care in Ireland.MethodsThis was a Two-phase Participatory Action Research study. Five co-operative inquiry meetings were held with practising midwives (n = 21) over a six-month period between October 2018 and March 2019, in a large, urban teaching maternity hospital in Dublin, Ireland.FindingsWe found that multiple factors contributed to midwives’ perceptions and understandings of the concept of burnout. Midwives defined burnout as persistent stress and exhaustion, with an associated reduction of their individual coping abilities, motivation, empathy and/or efficacy, is unique to the individual and is primarily, in the midwifery context, caused and inextricably linked to excessive workload.ConclusionBurnout is a complex concept with many entities and its significance and impact within the midwifery profession highlights the importance of its exploration and understanding. This study is the first of its kind to explore, with midwives, the concept of burnout. The elements of stress and exhaustion in the definition mirror existing definitions in the literature.     

结构式团体在临床护士心理压力调解中的应用

目的探讨应用结构式团体在临床护士心理压力调解中的改善效果。方法选择临床护士60例,均为2020年06月~2020年12月间我院在册在岗内科病区护士,依据护士入科先后顺序采取分组,即前期入科护理人员30例采取自我调节方式应用心理压力,观察组为后期入科护理人员30例,采取结构式团体干预模式进行心理压力调节,对比护士不同调节方式下,情绪分值变化及对自我职业的倦怠评分、心理健康状态评分,并采取科室设计的满意度问卷展开评估。结果由自评量表结果所示,观察组护理人员在干预前焦虑、抑郁分值均无明显变化(P>0.05),干预后观察组护理人员焦虑、抑郁分值有所下降,与对照组呈鲜明对比(P<0.05)。职业倦怠量表测评结果所示,观察组护理人员情绪衰竭、工作态度、个人成就感三个维度的分值均低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。由科室自我设计满意度问卷所示,观察组对自我工作满意度较高,与对照组比值差异明显(P<0.05)。两组在SCL-90量表测评下,观察组护理人员各项指标得分低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论结构式团体在临床护士心理压力的调解中的应用效果值得肯定,可改善职业倦怠感,提高工作效率。     

任务不确定性影响工作心理状态的双刃效应研究∗

不确定性是当前工作任务最为突出的特征,也是影响员工工作心理状态的重要因素之一。 根 据工作要求-资源模型,选择工作繁荣、工作倦怠两种相反的工作心理状态作为结果变量,挑战性-阻碍 性压力作为中介变量,研究任务不确定性对员工工作心理状态的影响。 研究发现:任务不确定性对员工 工作心理状态存在双刃效应,任务不确定性直接提升了工作繁荣感,同时,又通过阻碍性压力的遮掩效应 和中介效应间接降低了工作繁荣感、加重了工作倦怠感。 而进一步的研究则发现任务不确定的正面效应 是任务的变化性大带来的,负面效应是任务的可分析性低造成的。 这一研究结论为管理实践中妥善应对 任务不确定提供了指导。     

Reducing midwife burnout at organisational level — Midwives need time,space and a positive work-place culture

BackgroundMaternity care organisations have a responsibility to ensure the health and welfare of their staff. Rates of burnout are high in midwifery compared to other professionals. Therefore, exploring how it can be reduced is imperative.AimTo explore with midwives the contributors to burnout and how best to reduce burnout in a maternity hospital in Ireland.MethodsA Participatory Action Research study involving Co-operative Inquiry meetings (n = 5) with practising midwives (n = 21) between October 2018 and March 2019, in a large, urban teaching maternity hospital in Ireland. The transcribed data were analysed using Thematic Network Analysis.FindingsSeveral recommendations were made for maternity organisations, to reduce or prevent burnout. These include improving workplace culture, increasing support and acknowledgement, offering time and space for debriefing and reflection and regular rotation of staff. Consistent staff shortages are, however, a barrier to adhering to these recommendations.ConclusionThis study is the first of its kind to offer an in-depth exploration with midwives into the main contributors of burnout and what can be done at an organisational level to reduce burnout among midwives. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of working relationships. Additionally, owing to the nature of midwifery practice, time and space need to be created for midwives to debrief and reflect. However, there is an urgent need for healthcare systems to combat staffing shortages in order for these strategies to be successful.