贫困女性化内涵、成因及其政策思考

女性劳动力市场参与率的提高并没有减缓女性贫困化的程度,反而使得女性不得不承担市场劳动和家务劳动的双重责任。基于对家庭的照顾责任、劳动力市场的性别歧视以及职业隔离、在经济上对男性的依赖三个层面分析贫困女性化的原因,通过研究女性贫困化的内在作用机理,探讨在社会运行过程中贫困女性与社会相互建构的机制, 以期构建适当的社会保障体制,以便缓解女性贫困化,改善贫困女性与社会的关系, 促进整个社会的协调发展。     

资源整合视阈下的社区养老服务发展—基于苏州的实地调查

自1999年开始,我国就进入了老龄化社会。伴随老龄人口的持续增长,养老服务供需不平衡等正在成为日益突出的社会问题。通过对武侯区养老服务机制现状的研究,可以看出当前养老机制正存在着机构养老和居家养老建设不到位的问题。而进一步探索社会养老新机制,通过建立新型社区养老服务体制,完善养老机构的护理人员培训系统,整合现有医院和养老院资源,统一公民信息网,从而进一步整合政府资源,健全财政补助制度,可以成为我国新型社区养老机制的有益探索。     

Economic method and the concept of competition

基本医疗保险基金经办机构与公立医院之间的关系,实质上是医疗服务需求方和供给方的关系。消费者主权理论、管理型竞争理论、花钱矩阵理论,可以为理顺基本医疗保险基金经办机构与公立医院之间的应然关系提供理论依据。公立医院彻底地去行政化和赋予其独立的市场主体地位、基本医疗保险基金经办机构与公立医院就其提供的基本医疗服务进行谈判购买、基本医疗保险基金支付方式走向按绩效付费、公立医院与公立医院以及与其他非公立医疗机构之间开展市场竞争、强化医药分家后对医疗行为的行业监管、基本医疗保险基金经办机构在药品招标采购中居于主导地位、加强区域医疗资源规划、优化基本医疗保险基金经办机构管理应该成为公立医院未来改革努力的方向。

     

未成年人社会观护体系的实证考察与路径重塑

无论域外经验,还是国内观护实践,均表明社会观护在降低羁押率、刑罚宽缓化、帮助回归社会等方面具有良好效果,有利于贯彻以非羁押为原则,以监禁为例外。从问卷调查、实地调研可窥见,社会观护运行存在于法无据,无正当程序保障,观护基地与政府、司法行政机关之间权责不明,以及各地观护执行标准不一,帮教失灵等问题。针对践行顽疾,按照\     

儿子和女儿对高龄老人日常照料的比较研究

本文利用2002年中国老年人健康长寿调查数据,对比分析了在家庭中居住的高龄老人由儿子或女儿提供日常照料的可能性。研究发现,高龄老人的日常照料中存在明显的性别差异,高龄老年人有接受来自同性别子女帮助的倾向。     

陕西新型农村合作医疗制度的实证分析

本文利用抽样调查的实证方法,从农户的医疗费用、所遇到的疾病风险和农民获益情况几个方面,具体考察了陕西新型农村合作医疗的运行状况。研究表明,陕西农民对于新型合作医疗有很强的需求,陕西农民的参合率很高,参加新型农村合作医疗制度有助于农民就医。但是,农民对新型农村合作医疗的认知与政府的预期也存在一定差距,经济困难仍然是影响陕西贫困农民不能有效利用卫生资源的主要原因。     

以人为本的高校德育新模式

传统的高校德育模式偏重于“道德理论”、“道德知识”和“政治伦理”的灌输,缺乏自身应有的稳定性、逻辑性和科学性,在价值取向上难以摆脱社会本位和政治伦理的倾向。改革高校德育就必须构建“以人为本”的现代高校德育新模式,重视生命关怀,关注学生生命及其生命的生存状况和生存意义,进一步完善德育课程体系,拓宽德育内容,塑造大学生的健康人格和积极向上的人生价值观。     

Understanding pathways leading to stillbirth: The role of care-seeking and care received during pregnancy and childbirth in Kabul province,Afghanistan

BackgroundThe underlying pathways leading to stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries are not well understood. Context-specific understanding of how and why stillbirths occur is needed to prioritise interventions and identify barriers to their effective implementation and uptake.AimTo explore the contribution of contextual, individual, household-level and health system factors to stillbirth in Afghanistan.MethodsUsing a qualitative approach, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with women and men that experienced stillbirth, female elders, community health workers, healthcare providers, and government officials in Kabul province, Afghanistan between October-November 2017. We used thematic analysis to identify contributing factors and developed a conceptual map describing possible pathways to stillbirth.FindingsWe found that low utilisation and access to healthcare was a key contributing factor, as were unmanaged conditions in pregnancy that increased women’s risk of complications and stillbirth. Sociocultural factors related to the treatment of women and perceptions about medical interventions deprived women of interventions that could potentially prevent stillbirth. The quality of care from public and private providers during pregnancy and childbirth was a recurring concern exacerbated by health system constraints that led to unnecessary delays; while environmental factors linked to the ongoing conflict were also perceived to contribute to stillbirth. These pathways were underscored by social, cultural, economic factors and individual perceptions that contributed to the three-delays.DiscussionEfforts are needed at the community-level to facilitate care-seeking and raise awareness of stillbirth risk factors and the facility-level to strengthen antenatal and childbirth care quality, ensure culturally appropriate and respectful care, and reduce treatment delays.     

Attitudes Toward Women in Health Care Organizations: A Turkish Case Study

Abstract

The aim of this article is to examine the health care employees’ attitudes toward women in health care organizations in Turkey. It was measured using a 25-item scale by Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp (1973 Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1973). A short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2(4), 219–220. doi:10.3758/BF03329252[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The study was conducted on 541 employees: 279 males and 262 females. Structural equation model (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationship between gender, marital status, and income and attitudes toward woman. The result of this analysis showed that the relations between gender, marital status, and income and attitudes toward woman were statistically significant. All three hypotheses were statistically supported. This result indicated that employees’ marital status and (monthly) income significantly predicted their scores of attitudes toward woman in a positive direction. Besides, employees’ gender significantly predicted their scores of attitudes toward woman in an inverse direction. Future research can focus on investigating the effects of the attitudes toward women on other elements (e.g., performance, motivation, job satisfaction) or a wider sample to reach more generalized results.     

A green social work perspective on social work during the time of COVID‐19

COVID‐19 has challenged social workers to engage with health pandemics and provide essential services in conditions of uncertainty and high risk. They have safeguarded children, older adults and diverse adults in ‘at risk’ groups under tough conditions mediated by digital technologies, adhered to government injunctions, maintained social and physical distancing under lockdown and worked from home remotely. Social workers and social care workers have risen to the challenges, providing services with inadequate personal protective equipment and limited supervision and support. This article highlights the degraded physical environments, socio‐economic and political contexts that intensify precariousness and constraints that neoliberalism imposed on professional capacity before and during this health pandemic. It provides guidelines to protect practitioners and service users. It concludes that practitioners ought to understand zoonotic diseases, environmental concerns, acquire disaster expertise and training, widen their practice portfolio and value their contributions to this pandemic. Key Practitioner Message: ? Develop technological skills and innovate to support stressed individuals, safeguard children, adolescents and elders and deal with poverty and unemployment; ? Use digital technologies involving peers to explore tricky situations, examine ethical dilemmas through scenario building exercises, and tips for self‐care; ? Contribute to environmental protections that prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases like COVID‐19; ? Seek supervision and support for disaster‐based training from your line manager.