Childcare involvement, job characteristics, gender and work attitudes as predictors of emotional exhaustion and sickness absence

Reports in the literature vary regarding the existence of gender differences in relation to burnout and sickness absence. To investigate this, the present study was aimed at investigating the role of several gender-relevant variables, particularly childcare obligations, job characteristics, and work attitudes in emotional exhaustion and sickness absence in 404 male and female nurses in an institution for people with learning difficulties. Questionnaires were administered reflecting demographic and job characteristics, work and non-work attitudes, and emotional exhaustion (as measured by the Emotional Exhaustion Scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Female nurses were expected to report higher levels of emotional exhaustion and to be absent through sickness more often than men. Also, childcare investment, job characteristics, and (non) work attitudes were expected—via emotional exhaustion—to predict gender differences in sickness absence. It was found that women did not have higher sickness absence rates, and although a gender difference appeared in emotional exhaustion it was in the opposite direction from that predicted. For both genders, emotional exhaustion had a significant positive effect on sickness absence, and especially childcare investment and number of work hours appeared to contribute to both outcomes. These results are of interest because, despite current stereotypes, sickness absence was not higher in women, and neither were women more at risk for emotional exhaustion. In particular, load—workload as well as care load—appeared to predict emotional exhaustion and thus sickness absence.     

一个白族村的家庭养老及社会变迁 --以云南剑川下江尾村为例

白族是我国少数民族中经济、教育发展较快的一个民族,白族农村的家庭养老方式有一些值得重视的特点。白族聚居村———剑川县下江尾村的家庭养老方式对中国农村养老保障制度建设会有启示。     

在公平与效率之间:对北京市养老资源的空间分析

基于网络采集的养老机构数据和第六次全国人口普查数据，以公共设施区位理论为框架，使用空间分析方法，本文对北京市养老资源的分布模式进行了研究。研究发现，在乡镇/街道层面，整体上公办养老资源分布相对均衡，呈现正的空间依赖，民办养老资源则局部呈现负的空间相关性特征。空间回归分析表明，尽管两者布局均受到辖域内服务对象绝对数量这一因素的影响，但民办养老资源分布对老年人口密度这一指标更为敏感。不同类型的养老资源分散与集聚的空间模式，体现了公共设施供给问题上效率与公平原则之间的对比关系，这是行政与市场力量形塑的结果。     

Caregiving and cost of health care for later life families

In the future, the number of families providing care for elderly relatives as well as the costs associated with health care will continue to increase. The caregiving triad—individual, family and government—will need to balance the resources to meet the needs of the elderly. Public policy changes can assist older persons and their families as they address caregiving in the later years.     

The Devils in the Detail: Some Reflections on Contracting for Social Care by Voluntary Organizations

This paper explores the political origins and the process of introduction of the community care policy in the United Kingdom. The particular concerns of voluntary organizations in the face of the new responsibilities conferred upon them by legislation and their expectations of likely outcomes are examined. Evidence from a recent research study undertaken as part of the ESRC's Contracts and Competition Programme is then employed to draw up a preliminary balance sheet of the actual experience of voluntary bodies, their role in the operation of community care policy and their changing relationships with other agencies and the users of services.     

Stability in Center Day Care: Relations with Children's Well‐being and Problem Behavior in Day Care1

Mothers and primary professional caregivers of 186 children, aged 6–30 months, participated in this study in which a new measure for daily stability in center day care was developed, describing staffing, grouping, and program features. Relative contributions of infants’ daily experiences of care stability, quality of care, and mother's daily stress to the child's adjustment to day care were analyzed with hierarchical regressions. The child's adjustment was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist ( Achenbach, 1997 ) and with the Leiden Inventory for the Child's Well‐being in Day Care. Children enrolled in fewer care arrangements showed less internalizing behavior and more well‐being in the day care setting. Children had higher well‐being scores when trusted caregivers were more available. Mother's family management stress was related to more internalizing problem behavior. Interactions between mother's daily stress and stability in care were found to affect the child's adjustment to day care.     

Characteristics and practices of home-based workers

Using data collected by a nine-state regional research project, cluster analysis generates nine clusters of home-based workers from 853 usable cases. The clusters are named for their distinguishing characteristics as follows: Employed Outside the Home; Low Intrusion; Female Wage Workers; See Clients at Home; Lack of Health Insurance; Female Business Owners; Isolated; Two-earner Households; and Male One-earner Households. Ninety percent of the home-based workers are covered by health insurance, 44% are covered through another job. Female home-based workers comprise 41% of the total sample and earn net home-based work incomes below the sample mean. The clusters with the highest net income are predominately male and in marketing/sales, mechanical/transportation, and contractor occupational categories. Recommendations for prospective home-based workers are made.This article reports results from the Cooperative Regional Research Project, NE-167, entitled, At-Home Income Generation: Impact on Management, Productivity and Stability in Rural/Urban Families, partially supported by the Cooperative States Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Experiment Stations at the University of Hawaii, Iowa State University, Lincoln University (Missouri), Michigan State University, Cornell University (New York), The Ohio State University, The Pennsylvania State University, Utah State University, and the University of Vermont. Authors are listed alphabetically and have contributed equally to this publication.Her research interests include home-based work, social aspects of clothing, and consumer purchase behavior.Her research interests include farm family financial management, home-based work, and housing expenditures.     

农村互助养老的历史演进、实践模式与发展走向

农村互助养老作为一种极具本土化色彩和社区重建思想的新型就地养老方式,对于推进农村社区建设和文化建设具有重要意义。从纵向时间维度对唐朝的农社、宋代的义庄、清朝的太监庙和姑婆屋、“大跃进”时期的福利生产养老组织等互助养老雏形进行了梳理,并从横向空间维度对当代涌现的政府主导、民间支持和精英带动3种互助养老类型及适应性问题进行了分析。在此基础上,从立足互助传统、整合社区资源、拓展互助范围、创新互助形式4个层面,提出了促进互助养老从“民间互助”向“规范互助”、从“一元互助”向“多元互助”、从“老老互助”向“代际互助”、从“志愿互助”向“储蓄互助”转变的发展思路。     

人口 “空心化”与农村养老服务多元供给困境研究

人口“空心化”问题已成为我国农村养老服务多元供给的最大约束条件,全方位影响农村居民生活、工作方式、社区文化和经济。城乡空间居住距离动摇家庭代际互助基础,即使“隔代照顾式”随迁和“女儿养老”的家庭功能自适应调整亦难以扭转变局。政府同时扮演规定性角色和开放性角色,后者容易陷入“主导”幻觉和制度创新“盲点”。基层治理组织受人口流失影响,其管理能力与村民所期待的养老服务角色间存在差异。志愿部门出现“非典型性失灵”,发展动力不足。政府成为其参与农村养老服务最大的推动者,但因得不到所嵌入制度环境以及社区网络的支持而出现效用递减。因此,突破农村养老服务多元供给困境需要政府由“主导”角色转向合作“平台”角色,通过知识转移机制、合作纠偏机制和非货币奖惩机制构建社会合作网络。     

重庆市“社区养老”标准化建设与绩效评估的文献综述

本文在关于"社区养老"文献的梳理和分析基础上,对"社区养老"的基本概念进行总结和归纳,着重分析目前重庆市"社区养老"存在的问题与原因,并总结发达国家"社区养老"体系建设的启示,为重庆市"社区养老"服务发展和完善提供参考.