Grouped penalization estimation of the osteoporosis data in the traditional Chinese medicine

Both continuous and categorical covariates are common in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research, especially in the clinical syndrome identification and in the risk prediction research. For groups of dummy variables which are generated by the same categorical covariate, it is important to penalize them group-wise rather than individually. In this paper, we discuss the group lasso method for a risk prediction analysis in TCM osteoporosis research. It is the first time to apply such a group-wise variable selection method in this field. It may lead to new insights of using the grouped penalization method to select appropriate covariates in the TCM research. The introduced methodology can select categorical and continuous variables, and estimate their parameters simultaneously. In our application of the osteoporosis data, four covariates (including both categorical and continuous covariates) are selected out of 52 covariates. The accuracy of the prediction model is excellent. Compared with the prediction model with different covariates, the group lasso risk prediction model can significantly decrease the error rate and help TCM doctors to identify patients with a high risk of osteoporosis in clinical practice. Simulation results show that the application of the group lasso method is reasonable for the categorical covariates selection model in this TCM osteoporosis research.     

Randomized response model versus mixture model in the crossover design for clinical trials

ABSTRACT

The clinical trials are usually designed with the implicit assumption that data analysis will occur only after the trial is completed. It is a challenging problem if the sponsor wishes to evaluate the drug efficacy in the middle of the study without breaking the randomization codes. In this article, the randomized response model and mixture model are introduced to analyze the data, masking the randomization codes of the crossover design. Given the probability of treatment sequence, the test of mixture model provides higher power than the test of randomized response model, which is inadequate in the example. The paired t-test has higher powers than both models if the randomization codes are broken. The sponsor may stop the trial early to claim the effectiveness of the study drug if the mixture model concludes a positive result.     

A structural model for the markov chain of change in vote intention

Assuming a first-order Markov chain, we propose a structural model for the transition probabilities in vote intention. The proposed model utilizes the ordering among the categories representing vote intentions and carries the flavor of distance models. It also allows a stochastic ordering among distributions reflecting the extent of change. The model is easy to fit and provides a nice interpretation of the data. The model is applied to a panel study of vote intention acquired through six successive interviews before the 1940 Presidential election in Erie County, Ohio.     

Calculating Bivariate Orthonormal Polynomials By Recurrence

Emerson gave recurrence formulae for the calculation of orthonormal polynomials for univariate discrete random variables. He claimed that as these were based on the Christoffel–Darboux recurrence relation they were more efficient than those based on the Gram–Schmidt method. This approach was generalised by Rayner and colleagues to arbitrary univariate random variables. The only constraint was that the expectations needed are well‐defined. Here the approach is extended to arbitrary bivariate random variables for which the expectations needed are well‐defined. The extension to multivariate random variables is clear.     

直观与存在——论胡塞尔《逻辑研究》中的范畴直观

胡塞尔在《逻辑研究》中探讨了范畴直观,认为范畴直观是对含义中对象性的形式的明见和充实,因而可谓是知性明察和一个最高意义上的思维。它为从现象学上澄清逻辑明见性开辟了道路。然而,恰恰是在这一“对象化”的框架下,“存在”这一涵义丰富的概念本身被降低为最低的“混杂的”范畴。而要明了他究竟如何漏过了“存在”概念,则要求我们回到胡塞尔对范畴直观概念的提出和确立上,回到范畴直观概念的形而上学基础中去追问。     

Comparing confidence intervals for Goodman and Kruskal's gamma coefficient

This study was motivated by the question which type of confidence interval (CI) one should use to summarize sample variance of Goodman and Kruskal's coefficient gamma. In a Monte-Carlo study, we investigated the coverage and computation time of the Goodman–Kruskal CI, the Cliff-consistent CI, the profile likelihood CI, and the score CI for Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, under several conditions. The choice for Goodman and Kruskal's gamma was based on results of Woods [Consistent small-sample variances for six gamma-family measures of ordinal association. Multivar Behav Res. 2009;44:525–551], who found relatively poor coverage for gamma for very small samples compared to other ordinal association measures. The profile likelihood CI and the score CI had the best coverage, close to the nominal value, but those CIs could often not be computed for sparse tables. The coverage of the Goodman–Kruskal CI and the Cliff-consistent CI was often poor. Computation time was fast to reasonably fast for all types of CI.     

基于粒度计算的分类属性数据离群点检测算法

针对基于距离的离群检测算法无法有效应用于分类属性数据集,本文提出一种基于粒度计算理论的对象离群程度计算公式。基于该公式所计算的对象的离群因子值,对所有对象进行排序,将排序后的前k个对象声明为离群点。为了使用相对简单的方法从分类属性数据集中查找离群点,文中构造了一个算法ODAGr C(Outlier detection algorithm based on granular computing)。理论分析和应用实例证明了ODAGr C算法的有效性和可行性。     

Simple Fitting Algorithms for Incomplete Categorical Data

A popular approach to estimation based on incomplete data is the EM algorithm. For categorical data, this paper presents a simple expression of the observed data log-likelihood and its derivatives in terms of the complete data for a broad class of models and missing data patterns. We show that using the observed data likelihood directly is easy and has some advantages. One can gain considerable computational speed over the EM algorithm and a straightforward variance estimator is obtained for the parameter estimates. The general formulation treats a wide range of missing data problems in a uniform way. Two examples are worked out in full.     

《资本论》范畴体系与政治经济学研究创新

《资本论》的范畴体系是一个科学的系统的理论体系。它的方法论原则是把每一个经济范畴放在与其他经济范畴的逻辑联系中进行研究。不能只见树木 ,不见森林。这个科学方法论对于当代政治经济学研究的理论创新 ,正确考察现实中的中国社会主义市场经济的本质关系具有重要的指导意义     

Analytical closed-form solution for binary logit regression by categorical predictors

In contrast to the common belief that the logit model has no analytical presentation, it is possible to find such a solution in the case of categorical predictors. This paper shows that a binary logistic regression by categorical explanatory variables can be constructed in a closed-form solution. No special software and no iterative procedures of nonlinear estimation are needed to obtain a model with all its parameters and characteristics, including coefficients of regression, their standard errors and t-statistics, as well as the residual and null deviances. The derivation is performed for logistic models with one binary or categorical predictor, and several binary or categorical predictors. The analytical formulae can be used for arithmetical calculation of all the parameters of the logit regression. The explicit expressions for the characteristics of logit regression are convenient for the analysis and interpretation of the results of logistic modeling.