The Role of Effort in Shifting Preference for Feedback Stimuli

ABSTRACT

Researchers have examined preference for the format of delivery of feedback, however little research has examined strategies to increase feedback and praise desirability. The current study aimed to evaluate whether preference shifted for stimuli that signaled work and for manager-praise stimuli that were delivered after work. Moreover, we sought to understand if these preference shifts were greater when the work was higher-effort compared to lower-effort work tasks (a phenomenon described in the basic literature as within-trial contrast). The study took place in a simulated work environment. Sixteen university students clicked on a shape that produced the work task, completed a mock medical data-entry task, and received manager-praise on an FR1 and FR20 schedule. At the start of the study and following each contingency exposure trials, they completed a preference assessment for both the shapes and the manager-feedback stimuli. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of preference change for two categories of stimuli – shapes presented at the beginning of trials that signaled which condition participants were in and manager-praise stimuli presented at the end of trials. Preference for the shape stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli decreased indicating that stimuli that signal work may become less preferred. Preference for the manager-praise stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli increased suggesting that stimuli that follow work may become more preferred. Overall, these data suggest that the conditions under which managers deliver feedback and praise may influence preference for those stimuli.     

信息网络技术对大学生认知方式的影响与“两课”教学教育手段创新

信息网络的普及和迅猛发展对大学生认知方式产生着潜移默化的影响,从哲学和认知心理学的角度探讨信息网络技术对大学生认知方式的影响,适应数字化、网络化技术革命的要求,革新高校马克思主义政治理论课和思想品德课(以下简称"两课")教育教学的手段,对于提高"两课"的时效性和教育教学效果,引导他们自觉地构建科学的认知方式,消除互联网络对大学生认知的负面作用,具有重要的理论的和应用的价值.     

课堂教学应遵循从已知到未知的认识规律

人类知识的积累始终遵循"从已知领域扩展到未知领域"的认识规律,因此文章强调要取得良好的教学效果,就必须在课堂教学中贯彻这一认识规律.作者通过课堂教学的实践,从因材施教、由浅入深、从个性到共性、理论与实践相结合以及一桶水和一碗水的关系等五个方面进行探讨.     

时距估计干扰效应的研究与思考

已有的研究从不同作业类型下的干扰效应和相关的理论解释两个方面对时距估计干扰效应进行了剖析 ,未来的研究应以分段 /综合模型为基础进行探讨 ,时距加工的认知神经研究促进了人们对时间信息加工实质的理解。     

认识活动辩证运动的逻辑起点：认识角度——认识活动辩证运动新论

认识活动“自己构成自己的道路” ,是由自身内在矛盾推动的辩证运动过程。实践对认识的决定作用必须通过制约和影响认识自身的内在矛盾才能实现。认识活动辩证运动的内在逻辑线索 ,是认识活动由其历史与逻辑统一的起点经中介条件向真理性认识结论辩证运动、系统演进的过程。为逻辑分析的需要 ,我们将这样的过程称之为一个“认识单元”。作为认识活动辩证运动的逻辑起点的认识角度及其丰富的内在规定性 ,在理论形态内在角度分析的方法论意义。     

一个围绕认识基本规律展开的认识规律与认识方法论体系的构想

主体与客体之间的认识与实践双重关系的矛盾是认识过程的基本矛盾,这一矛盾运动的规律是认识发展的基本规律.马克思主义的认识规律和认识方法论是一个理论体系.这一体系的建构必须遵循实事求是的原则;其内容应围绕着认识的基本规律展开,将认识规律和认识方法的阐述统一起来;其结构形式应将"规律"和"范畴"统一起来.本文提出了一个围绕认识基本规律展开的认识规律与认识方法论体系的初步构想.     

Union organizing effort and success in the U.S., 1948–2004

While union density in the public sector has increased in recent decades, private sector union density in the U.S. has declined steadily since the mid-1950s. Scholars have evoked a variety of explanations to account for the decline in union membership, but substantially less attention has been devoted to understanding the contribution of the union organizing process as governed by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In this paper, we focus on two aspects of this process: union organizing effort (the effort to establish union representation elections to organize non-unionized workers) and union organizing success (success in winning union representation elections). Using annual time series data for the U.S. from 1948 to 2004, we show that there has been a long-term decline in both union organizing effort and union organizing success, which likely contributes to declining union density. We focus on three explanations for these changes: the political–legal environment for unions, deindustrialization and globalization, and employer opposition to unionization efforts. We find that each of these factors contributes to organizing effort and success and conclude with a discussion of the implications of this research for future mobilization efforts.     

Adolescents’ perception of peer groups: Psychological,behavioral, and relational determinants

Adolescents’ social cognitive understanding of their social world is often inaccurate and biased. Focusing on peer groups, this study examines how adolescents’ psychological, behavioral, and relational characteristics influence the extent to which they accurately identify their own and others’ peer groups. Analyses were conducted with a sample of 1481 seventh- and tenth-grade Chinese students who are embedded with 346 peer groups. Overall, females and older students had more accurate perceptions. In addition, lower self-esteem, higher indegree centrality, and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of one’s own groups, whereas higher academic performance and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of others’ groups. Implications for understanding the connection between adolescents’ psychological and behavioral traits, social relationships, and social cognition are discussed.     

退耕还林:努力分配与补贴方式选择——退耕还林中期阶段的合作建设博弈

通过建立利益分配的委托—代理模型,对退耕还林工程中期阶段的补贴方式与努力分配的关系进行了研究。推演并证明了地方政府与农户偏好分成式补贴方式,主体在合作生产中的重要程度以及生态物品效用系数对于最优努力有正向影响。研究证明:在退耕还林中期阶段,中央政府、地方政府与农户的最优努力与各自的重要程度正相关,分成补贴方式可以提前最优努力到达的时间。在退耕还林中期阶段,分成补贴较之于一次性定额补贴,中央政府的最优努力不受影响,而地方政府与农户的最优努力均增加了。由此可知,政府应建立活立木市场、推行生态购买、加强生态环境宣传等公共政策,以期提高退耕还林工程的实施效率。     

认知语言学对语篇连贯研究的启示

语篇连贯是指一段话语或某个语篇的不同部分在意义上的联系.认知参照点、原型范畴、概念隐喻等认知理论对语篇连贯有着重要的启示作用.语篇连贯不仅靠衔接手段和语篇结构获得,更靠心理上的连贯取得.