Serving two masters: Commitment profiles of employees in the German military reserve

Research on commitment has highlighted the importance of understanding multiple commitments to similar objects, and there is a desire to clarify the attendant complex interactions by applying a person-centred approach to commitment. Although there is a rich body of knowledge on commitment, questions regarding possible conflicts among the various types of commitment remain unanswered. Specifically, we know little about the effects of commitment to objects with similar characteristics (e.g. organizations) across domains (e.g. civil vs military). We draw on a sample of individuals in the German military reserve (N = 303) who serve voluntarily as soldiers in the armed forces and parallel work in civil organizations. We test hypotheses regarding the presence of different commitment profiles. We identified five commitment profiles and evidence for both within- and cross-domain effects of the antecedents and outcomes of commitment.     

Attachment insecurities and under-commitment in distressed couples: The role of positive and negative partner behaviors

Research has rarely considered intermediate variables in the association between attachment insecurities and relationship commitment. Based on attachment theory and Rusbult's Investment Model, we tested whether positive and negative partner behaviors explain this association in 91 distressed couples undergoing therapy. Path analyses based on the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model revealed that individuals with attachment avoidance reported perceiving fewer positive behaviors from their partner, which was associated with their own higher under-commitment. Partners of individuals with avoidance also reported perceiving fewer positive partner behaviors, which was in turn associated with their own higher under-commitment. Partners of individuals with attachment anxiety perceived more positive behaviors from their partner, which was associated to their own lower under-commitment. Perceived negative partner behaviors were only directly associated with higher under-commitment. These findings imply that perceived positive partner behaviors may be a key aspect to target in relationship therapy in couples who present with high attachment insecurities.     

突发公共卫生事件中实施药品专利强制许可的思考

人感染高致病性禽流感疫情在世界多个国家的传播,不仅对社会大众健康产生了威胁,而且更加凸显药品专利保护与公众健康需要之间的矛盾,药品专利强制许可无疑是解决这个矛盾的一条途径。文章对药品专利强制许可的背景、理论进行了分析,指出了目前实施这一许可的障碍,并提出了相应的对策。     

种子开源的缘起、现实价值与实践模式

种子开源是开源运动在育种领域的延伸，旨在实现植物生产、育种、繁殖和分配过程中种质和技术的自由使用，以克服知识产权排他性保护对育种创新的负面影响。种子开源秉承自由、开放与共享的理念，其并非否定知识产权，也不意味着免费或没有限制和责任。防止种质资源私有化、育种创新的累积性以及种子和软件的共通性是开源运动延伸至育种领域的主要原因。种子开源具有整合育种资源、促进育种创新、保障国家粮食安全的现实价值。从域外实践看，种子开源大体可分为道德承诺、开源许可证和农民合作三种模式。在强调育种原始创新，突破种源“卡脖子”技术的当下，可尝试在受财政资金资助的高校及科研机构中推行许可证开源模式，同时鼓励其他育种者和农民加入，以促进育种创新，实现种业可持续发展。