经理人激励与公司债务水平的选择

以或有要求权模型研究经理人激励对公司债务水平的影响,研究表明,经理人以股东的激励程度选择公司债务水平与工作努力程度以最大化自己的收益。在一定条件下,当股东所提供的激励较弱时,充分高的债务水平是经理人向外部投资者作出的他将努力工作的可信承诺,是项目得到融资的充分条件;当该激励较强时,经理人所选择的债务水平低于能够最大化公司价值的数值。     

北京机动车环境外部成本的测算

针对噪声污染、大气污染、气候变化、土地资源占用等4种主要机动车环境污染,通过定量方法测度2006-2014年北京市机动车的环境外部成本。结果表明:机动车环境污染代价不仅受实际污染量、剂量暴露率等因素影响,还受当地疾病成本、人均收入、碳税价格和心理预期费用等机会成本因素约束,不同的成本体系测算出来的污染代价差异显著。以北京当地成本为例,2006年起北京机动车环境总代价有缓慢上升趋势,年平均增长6.7%,其中空气污染占比最大。环境总代价占当年GDP的比重平均约为0.56%,但污染的相对代价有所减少,且呈现下降趋势。机动车限制政策对环境污染影响有正面的影响效果,2012年以后这种效果逐步减弱。在此基础上,在政策层面认为应通过技术手段,改善机动车尾气污染;增加降噪设备,规范行为;加强重污染天气的预报等综合性手段,以控制机动车的外部性污染问题。     

Mesurer ce qui importe et éclairer l'action: l'indicateur de progrès véritable au banc d'essai

L'indicateur de progrès véritable (IPV) a été conçu pour estimer les performances économiques, évaluer les effets des propositions politiques et aborder les préoccupations d'aujourd‘hui en matière de bien-être, ce que ne permet pas le PIB. Actuellement, l'IPV apparaît comme un tableau de bord pour suivre l‘évolution des variables qui le composent, mais ne permet pas d'analyse transnationale. Il sera calculable selon une méthodologie normalisée lorsque certains problèmes de données auront été résolus et qu'un consensus sera réalisé sur l'IPV 2.0. Mais c'est surtout le manque de volonté politique et de soutien institutionnel qui fait principalement obstacle à la généralisation de son utilisation.     

我国会计师事务所执业风险问题探讨

近年来,我国会计师事务所的执业风险和法律责任问题引起社会各界的普遍关注.本文对会计师事务所的执业风险及法律责任进行了分类,指出目前探讨会计师事务所执业风险问题的意义所在,然后从分析执业风险的成因入手,提出防范各类风险的对策.     

The Benefits of Reducing Gun Violence: Evidence from Contingent-Valuation Survey Data

This article presents an estimate of the benefits of reducing crime using the contingent-valuation (CV) method. We focus on gun violence, a crime of growing policy concern in America. Our data come from a national survey in which we ask respondents referendum-type questions that elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) to reduce gun violence by 30%. We estimate that the public's WTP to reduce gun assaults by 30% equals $24.5 billion, or around $1.2 million per injury. Our estimate implies a statistical value of life that is quite consistent with those derived from other methods.     

Provision of a Wildfire Risk Map: Informing Residents in the Wildland Urban Interface

Wildfires in the wildland urban interface (WUI) are an increasing concern throughout the western United States and elsewhere. WUI communities continue to grow and thus increase the wildfire risk to human lives and property. Information such as a wildfire risk map can inform WUI residents of potential risks and may help to efficiently sort mitigation efforts. This study uses the survey-based contingent valuation (CV) method to examine annual household willingness to pay (WTP) for the provision of a wildfire risk map. Data were collected through a mail survey of the East Mountain WUI area in the State of New Mexico (USA). The integrated empirical approach includes a system of equations that involves joint estimation of WTP values, along with measures of a respondent's risk perception and risk mitigation behavior. The median estimated WTP is around U.S. $12 for the annual wildfire risk map, which covers at least the costs of producing and distributing available risk information. Further, providing a wildfire risk map can help address policy goals emphasizing information gathering and sharing among stakeholders to mitigate the effects of wildfires.     

树立以人为本理念提升高校管理水平

科学发展观的核心是“以人为本”。社会主义市场经济下的高校管理应树立以“以人为本”的先进理念。共产党人所倡导的“以人为本”,本质上是以促进人自身自由、全面发展为根本目的,与中国古代民本思想、近现代西方人本主义具有本质性区别。“以人为本”理念指导下的高校管理,应以依法管理、柔性管理、权变管理等为其基本内容。     

价值评价合理性的困境及新路径

在价值评价过程中,合理性是一个无法回避的问题,而评价主体的主观性与相对性始终制约着价值评价的合理性。为突破当前存在的理论困境,需要从事物合乎自身之理、主体的合理需要及两者关系的历史统一的角度出发,对合理性进行再分析,进而探寻价值评价合理性的新路径。     

Performance Concern,Contingent Self‐worth,and Responses to Repeated Achievement Failure in Second Graders

Individual differences in emotion, cognitions, and task choice following achievement failure are found among four‐ to seven‐year‐olds. However, neither performance deterioration during failure nor generalization after failure—aspects of the helpless pattern in 10‐year‐olds—have been reliably demonstrated in this age group. In the present study, 78 second graders worked on a series of unsolvable and solvable puzzles and then on a figure‐matching task. We assessed levels of performance concern and performance‐contingent self‐worth, and their relations to performance during and after failure. As predicted, performance concern and performance‐contingent self‐worth were independent self‐regulatory processes. Performance concern was related to strategy use during and after failure and performance‐contingent self‐worth was related to postfailure performance. These results provide empirical support for Burhans and Dweck's model of the origins of individual differences in motivation. Similarities in behaviors and mechanisms of effect for children's and adults' responses to failure are discussed.     

Actuarial balance sheets as a tool to assess the sustainability of social security pension systems

The choice of the methodology used to produce a social security pension system's balance sheet is mainly determined by the system's financing approach. In this article, it is shown using the example of the Canada Pension Plan that if the assessment of the financial sustainability of a pay‐as‐you‐go or partially funded system is done through the means of an actuarial balance sheet, then the methodology used should take into account future contributions of current and future participants. The balance sheets produced using the open group approach, as well as methodologies used in United States and Sweden, are discussed.