从着眼点的转移看英语动词的时和体

在我们观察、认识客观世界的活动中,着眼点起着重要的作用。它决定我们对某事物的观察内容以及我们对其产生的概念,人们总是通过转移着眼点来认识周围更多的事物。自从兰盖克提出这个概念以来,有关讨论着眼点及其转移的文章并不多,兰盖克本人也未对其做进一步的研究。文章试图以着眼点的转移理论来分析英语动词的时和体,它具有较强的解释力,可以尝试应用于英语教学中。     

通信企业员工人口变量与心理契约关系研究

心理契约是企业和员工双方彼此对对方应该付出什么同时又应该得到什么的一种主观心理约定,是联系企业与员工的心理纽带,是企业对员工进行有效人力资源管理的重要工具。在企业组织结构调整、雇用关系改变的过程中,心理契约是最敏感、最集中反映这种变化的核心因素。在通信企业快速发展的今天,员工与企业之间的心理契约的变化严重影响着雇佣关系。以江苏的通信企业员工为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式,并利用SPSS16.0统计软件包进行数据统计分析,对不同人口变量在心理契约上的不同感受进行探索性研究,研究结果验证了本课题的研究假设：不同个体变量在心理契约的感受上有显著差异。并结合研究成果,针对通信企业员工的心理契约管理提出一些建议。     

Curbing the demographic “drifting dune” in long-term care insurance financing: The case of Germany

Long-term care provision and financing are becoming increasingly important matters in all ageing economies. Therefore, a major challenge for policy makers is to strike a balance between adequate care and sustainable financing. In this study, we evaluate the proposal of a so-called sustainability factor in German long-term care insurance. Considering changes in the beneficiary-contributor ratio, it aims for a rule-based consideration of demographic dynamics to alleviate pressure on long-term care financing. Using the framework of generational accounting, we demonstrate that this proposal could have a relieving effect on finances, depending on the share of involvement of current and future generations. It may offer an option for pay-as-you-go long-term care insurance systems worldwide that need to curb the impact of ageing societies. Therefore, this article addresses policy makers tasked with designing a sustainable financing model for long-term care insurance. It demonstrates that the sustainability factor represents a step towards sustainable finances and, thus, it might be one component of a more comprehensive reform package.     

关于野外实习的规范与管理

目前国内的高等学校中对加强实践性环节的教学研究都相当重视。野外实习是高校某些专业教学的重要实践性环节，但对野外实习的教学管理，目前尚无章可循。本文在多年指导野外实习的基础上，根据野外实习的特点和教学大纲的要求，制定了野外实习的轮廓草案，并经过６年的试验，对指导野外实习和实行规范化、科学化、制度化的管理产生了较好的效果     

论英语的体的复合性

英语的体具有复合性,即英语的体性不仅体现在英语动词本身,也体现于与动词相关的主语和宾语,以及影响动词的状语成分。英语句子的体义会随着体性的变化而变化。     

首都教育资源配置与人口发展态势的互动

基于2001－2015年的《北京市教育事业统计资料》,利用常规统计分析方法,发现北京市教育资源配置和人口发展态势表现为以下关联特点：中等教育阶段在校生规模相对较少;义务教育阶段非京籍学生占比骤增;学校数量“高校和高中增加、其他皆降”;小学和大学阶段的师生比下降,资源配置略显紧张;基础教育阶段的就学人口主要聚集于城市功能拓展区,其占比仍在提升;高等教育的核心培养对象所占比例已降至不足四成。为了促进教育和人口的良性互动,政府部门未来应关注六个问题：人口发展惯性引发的教育需求增长拐点问题、流动人口子女不同流向引发的人力资本提升受阻问题、人口空间布局优化引发的教育资源有效配置问题、人口疏解视野下高等教育的“瘦身”问题以及职业人才匮乏引发的创新支撑不足问题。     

Does Dividing the Range by Four Provide an Accurate Estimate of a Standard Deviation in Family Science Research? A Teaching Editorial

Occasionally, scientific reports have omitted information on standard deviations, making estimates of effect sizes very difficult to impossible. In such situations, several scholars have recommended obtaining an estimate of the standard deviation of distributions by dividing the range of the distribution (highest value minus lowest value) by four. However, there appears to be little evidence to confirm the validity of this approach. Articles from 2012 to 2015 in the journal Marriage & Family Review were surveyed to find instances where demographic variables (age, education, duration of relationship, number of children) were reported with both standard deviations and ranges. Ratios between range and standard deviations were calculated by several rules of thumb or more complex formulas and compared with the actual ratios obtained. Results indicated that dividing by five in general provided a more accurate estimate of actual standard deviations but accuracy in predicting the true ratio between range and standard deviation was substantially related to the position of the mean score within the range of scores with larger divisors needed as the mean approached either the minimum or the maximum values of the demographic variable (skew). Other recent formulae for estimating the standard deviation were also evaluated, but the skew-based approach appeared to be more accurate than the others. However, further investigation in other samples is needed because the skew-based approach was derived from observation of the data here, which might not replicate in different sets of data.     

Do Legacy Industrial Sites Produce Legacy Effects in Ethnic and Racial Residential Settlement? Environmental Inequality Formation in Rhode Island’s Industrial Core1

This study advances understanding of environmental inequality by examining its production through the interaction of two ubiquitous and ongoing urban-ecological processes: industrial land-use changes and changing patterns of residential segregation. We employ longitudinal data from the Rhode Island Directory of Manufacturers (1953–2012) and tract-level US Census data measured at four panel-years (1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010) to study the effects of these interactions in Rhode Island’s historical industrial cities of Providence, Pawtucket, and Central Falls. Spatial patterning analysis and hybrid spatial panel modeling of residential exposure to active and legacy industrial sites in relation to ongoing racial and industrial change reveal two novel findings. First, we find a “legacy effect,” suggesting that the spatial organization of industrial activities prior to the study period has measurable impacts on patterns of residential segregation in later decades. Our results also indicate that over the study period Latinx and African-American residents have become increasingly less likely to bear disproportionate impacts of active manufacturing sites, despite very different spatial patterns of population growth. This is strong evidence that environmental inequality formation is a variable process in which historically distinct pathways can lead to similarly disproportionate exposure to environmental risk.     

Promoting a higher retirement age: A prospect‐theoretical approach

Demographic ageing and the necessity of raising the retirement age is one of the most frequently debated topics among European welfare policy experts. This study used prospect theory as developed in behavioural economics to explain public attitudes towards pension reforms. It argues that, in line with prospect theory, negative incentives are more useful in changing people's attitudes in favour of a higher statutory retirement age than are positive incentives. Therefore, in the case of increasing life expectancy, defined‐contribution schemes that apply actuarial formulae linking the level of starting monthly pension benefits to life expectancy are more useful in promoting a higher retirement age than conventional defined‐benefit schemes, which typically do not forge an automatic connection between longevity and starting pensions. The implications of prospect theory for attitudes towards pension reforms were tested using Eurobarometer survey data collected in 2004 and 2009 in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.     

The relationship between unit diversity and perceptions of organizational performance in the military

Structural equation modeling techniques are used to examine the relationship between demographic diversity and perceptions of organizational performance in military units. Analyzing data from the Military Equal Opportunity Climate Survey reveals higher female and minority representation reduces females’ and minorities’ perceptions of organizational effectiveness, respectively. Identical factors appear to influence the perceptions of organizational performance across these two subgroups of employees. The results demonstrate the importance of conducting separate analyses for subgroups in examining the effects of demographic diversity on organizational performance.