1949—1966年间中国红十字会的主要活动及其特点

新中国成立之后,在中央人民政府的领导下,中国红十字会进行了改组。1949—1966年间,中国红十字会在医疗卫生、战地救护、灾害救助、战后问题处理等领域开展了大量活动,对于国家的经济社会建设起到了重要促进作用。归纳这时期中国红十字会活动开展的特点有：国内活动侧重于医疗卫生领域;积极实施国际救助并参与国际事务处理;活动开展的行政化色彩比较浓重。     

Nondeliberative Crisis Intervention in Disaster Zones: Social Group Work Using Guided Artwork with Child Survivors

ABSTRACT

Sudden disasters cause devastating loss and trauma. Social groupwork can help heal and empower survivors through the use of nondeliberative practice forms. The authors describe a social group work model using guided artwork activities with child survivors of disasters such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the 2014 Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. The authors also examine the features of nondeliberative theory exemplified through work with artful media in this groupwork context. Features include the use of analogs, representational problem solving, and feedback that takes place in a lived, experiential dimension.     

People with disability and new disaster communications: access and the social media mash-up

This article explores how a lack of access to increasingly complex and overlapping digital communications platforms in times of disaster for people with disabilities has the potential to make already life-threatening situations considerably more dangerous. As we are increasingly coming to rely on a social media mash-up of digital platforms to assist in communications during disaster situations, the issue of accessibility for people with disabilities is as dire as if it was high ground during a tsunami or transport during a typhoon. The contemporary social media environment is characterised by a complex and overlapping network of complementary platforms, populated by user-generated content, where people communicate and exchange ideas. In this environment, YouTube videos are posted to Facebook and embedded in blogs, and Twitter is used to link to these other sites and is itself embedded in other platforms. These networks are increasingly supplementing and supplanting more traditional communication platforms, such as the television and radio, particularly in times of disaster. The concern of this paper is that the elements from which this mash-up of communications channels is made are not always accessible to people with disabilities. This evolving network of social media-based communication exposes the limits of existing Internet-based universal design.     

Disaster and Development Paradigms: Too Close for Comfort?

The familiar distinctions between the disaster and development paradigms have become increasingly blurred. Yet, conceptual and policy dilemmas continue to pose challenges for the integration of the two paradigms into a single framework. Drawing on the literature and Ethiopia's Institutional Support Project, this article argues that the increased convergence of the two constructs may be too close for comfort, thus rendering the assertion that disaster‐risk reduction can help achieve sustainable development and vice versa mere rhetoric. Unless there is a shift from focusing on the hazard event to also recognising that disasters are not politically neutral, there is a danger of being locked into the hazard paradigm, despite the different labels, titles or metaphors that may be assigned to it.     

Workplace Crisis Intervention

Summary

The workplace, where adults spend about one-third of their lives, would seem an ideal place from which to promote health and respond to crisis. This paper employs a systematic statistical review of experimental and quasi-experimental research on workplace-based crisis intervention programs. Nine studies were identified that met inclusion criteria for further analysis. Results suggest that the workplace can be a useful platform from which to provide crisis intervention programs.     

Partition models

Product partition models assume that observations in different components of a random partition of the data are independent given the partition. If the probability distribution of random partitions is in a certain product form prior to making the observations, it is also in product form given the observations. The product model thus provides a convenient machinery for allowing the data to weight the partitions likely to hold; and inference about particular future observations may then be made by first conditioning on the partition, and then averaging over all partitions. This model is applied to fatalities in manned rocket launches, using data from the SOYUZ, APOLLO, SHUTTLE, and post-Challenger SHUTTLE programs in the Soviet Union and the United States. The combination of these data suggest that the chance of a fatality in the next shuttle, launch is about .03, after allowing for the possibility that the older programs are of slight relevance to the present shuttle program.     

Missing value imputation method for disaster decision-making using K nearest neighbor

Due to destructiveness of natural disasters, restriction of disaster scenarios and some human causes, missing data usually occur in disaster decision-making problems. In order to estimate missing values of alternatives, this paper focuses on imputing heterogeneous attribute values of disaster based on an improved K nearest neighbor imputation (KNNI) method. Firstly, some definitions of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are introduced and three types of attributes (i.e. linguistic term sets, intervals and real numbers) are converted to TFNs. Then the correlated degree model is utilized to extract related attributes to form instances that will be used in K nearest neighbor algorithm, and a novel KNNI method merging with correlated degree model is presented. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the proposed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness.     

汉代救荒对策论略

汉代荒政已初步形成一个较为完备的体系。汉政府在救荒实践中 ,往往能从战略高度出发 ,在灾前、灾时和灾后采取了一系列形式多样、内容丰富的备荒、救荒的策略措施。本文从文献资料出发 ,对汉代的救荒对策作了较为细致的总结和分析。这些措施在抗灾、救灾中发挥了积极作用 ,同时它对于今天预防灾害也有一定的参考价值。     

应急预案重大突发事件情景构建—基于\

现有文献主要基于西方发达国家社会背景,聚焦于社会力量或市场机制主导下的人道主义运营或供应链中断等问题,对于“党委负责、政府主导”的中国救灾模式尚未引起理论界的足够关注。我国强势政府主导下的救灾模式,与国际灾害管理主流文献关注的供应链中断等市场机制、社会捐赠、人道主义物流等热点问题存在着较大的出入。其管理特征表现在：运行目标是确保人民群众生命安全、资源配置方式以各级党委和政府的行政手段为主体、应急救援力量以军队和武警部队作为突击和以公安消防等专业队伍作为骨干等。我国未来救灾体制的演化趋势将是政府主导的基础上,社会参与和市场机制等多种救灾模式相互协同和融合。     

环北京地区生态环境与生态灾害历史研究

北京从金代海陵王营建中都,历金、元、明、清、民国,至今已建都近千年。在漫长的历史时期中,随着地区经济的发展和人口的增多,北京及其周边地区的生态环境不断被破坏,各种生态灾害愈演愈烈。自然灾害的加剧反过来又激化了社会矛盾,影响了历史的进程。本文对历史文献记载的生态灾害进行了回顾,就其原因及应对措施作了分析和探讨。