The Synthetic Situation: Interactionism for a Global World

Presented as the Distinguished Lecture at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction in Boston, Massachusetts, on August 1, 2008, this article rethinks central assumptions of the interaction order as conceptualized by Goffman and others with respect to global domains of activity. 1 It proposes two new concepts, that of the synthetic situation and that of time transactions. Synthetic situations are situations that include electronically transmitted on‐screen projections that add informational depth and new response requirements to the “ecological huddle” ( Goffman 1964 :135) of the natural situation. Global situations invariably include such components; we also find that temporal forms of integration may substitute for joint territoriality of copresence in the natural situation. Based on research on global currency trading and other empirical examples, I identify four types of synthetic situations and describe the synthetic situation's informational character, its ontological fluidity, and the phenomenon that synthetic situations may become role‐others for participants. I outline the response system of synthetic situations, sketching out the concepts of response presence and its implications in this context as well as the importance of embodiment. I also discuss time transactions and the idea of fatefulness as a symbolic charge linked to the synthetic components of the situation.     

反馈交易规则与股票收益自相关实证分析

研究了反馈交易规则与上证综合指数日收益自相关之间的联系，样本取自上证指数１９９２年９月２９日至１９９７年９月３０日的日收益率数据。此外，文中采用ＧＡＲＣＨ（１，１）处理收益波动的异方差性，模型参数采用极大似然估计。实证模型还考虑了非同步交易引起的工序列相关以及反馈交易的非对称性。结果表明，除以往文献涉及的正序列相关外，正反馈交易将导致收益负的序列自相关，且相关系数绝对值随波动增大而增大，从而整个收益表现出随波动变化的序列相关。     

支持MLS的多层次嵌入式高可信软件架构

为增强安全关键系统的高可信能力,在分析高可信保障机制现状的基础上,提出了一种多层次的高可信软件架构。该架构采用时空分离思想、虚拟机技术,为基于MLS的嵌入式安全关键系统提供了一种整体解决方案。基于该架构,研究了多层次的安全和防危策略管理方法、信息流控制机制、可信软件的评估和认证方法,为安全关键嵌入式系统提供可认证的安全服务。     

Fire Risks in Oil Refineries: Economic Analysis of Camera Monitoring

A probabilistic method is presented to evaluate the economic value of fire monitoring by closed circuit TV camera in petroleum refineries. The proposed model is restricted to the analysis of risk reduction in an area where fires can be caused either by pump failure or by failure of valves and lines. The benefits come from reducing the time during which the fire grows undetected. Fire growth and expected values of losses are analyzed by a Markov model that includes five phases: (1) active undetected growth, (2) detection, (3) fire growth at the beginning of the firemen's intervention, (4) fire control, and (5) fire extinction. The results (e.g., the expected net present value of the investment) show that the proposed monitoring investment is attractive for an illustrative example.     

A graph coloring approach for image segmentation

In this paper we develop a segmentation scheme for digital images based upon an iterative binary coloring technique that takes into account changing behavior of adjacent pixels. The output is a hierarchical structure of images which allows a better understanding of complex images. In particular, we propose two algorithms that should be considered as image preprocessing techniques.     

Challenge of multi-level governance in developing countries and possible GIS applications

Of the three most prominent issues in governance discourse—the horizontal coordination of markets, government hierarchies and networks, global governance and multi-level governance—this paper argues that the last, developing and sustaining structures of multi-level governance, constitutes the most profound governance challenge for most developing countries.The paper identifies the major forces promoting change in favor of multi-level governance in developing countries. Using the growing literature and comparative national experiences (illustrated with the examples of India, the Philippines, Colombia and Nigeria), it highlights the key achievements of democratic decentralization as well as its nagging problems in these countries. Finally, the paper demonstrates the significance of these developments for democracy and development in these countries and shows some of the ways by which external partners—especially experts associated with the Geographic Information Systems for Developing Countries can assist and possibly benefit from this process.     

基于时空地理加权回归模型的中国碳排放驱动因素实证研究

基于2006-2011年中国省级区域面板数据,应用时空加权回归模型(GTWR)实证考察了各驱动因素对碳排放规模和碳排放强度影响的时空差异。研究结果表明:大部分解释变量的时空系数估计值显著,波动性较为稳定,符号与预期一致,各驱动因素及其外溢效应在不同区域存在较强的空间异质性,且表现出一定的空间梯度分布。若实现区域差异化碳减排,需要充分考虑空间异质性和外溢性。     

碳排放交易对实现我国“十二五”减排目标的成本节约效应研究

本文针对实现我国"十二五"期间减排目标的现实背景,构建了一个省际排放权交易模型,重点探讨了在实现各省减排目标的过程中,碳排放权交易机制发挥的成本节约效应。研究设置了无碳交易市场(NETS)、仅包含北京等六个碳交易试点省市的碳交易市场(PETS)和全国范围内实施碳排放权交易(CETS)三种政策情景。通过模型分析得到以下结论:(1)为实现"十二五"碳强度减排目标,扣除自然下降率,全国二氧化碳排放需要减少约6.39亿吨,占当年总碳排放的6.65%;无碳排放交易时全国需要付出约157.62亿元的减排成本,占当年GDP的0.04%;六省市参与碳交易情景下,全国总的减排成本约为150.66亿元,节约减排成本4.42%,碳交易量为0.22亿吨CO₂,占总减排量的3.39%,均衡碳价约为70.55元/吨CO₂;全国碳市场情景下,全国总的减排成本约为120.68亿元,相比于无碳排放交易情景节约减排成本23.44%,碳交易量为1.21亿吨CO₂,占总减排量的18.98%,均衡碳价约为38.17元/吨CO₂;(2)碳交易市场对参与交易的省份的成本节约效应各不相同,总的来看,东、西部地区成本节约较为明显,部分西部地区能够在完成自身减排目标前提下,通过加入碳交易市场而获取正的收益。