A case–control study relating railroad worker mortality to diesel exhaust exposure using a threshold regression model

A case–control study of lung cancer mortality in U.S. railroad workers in jobs with and without diesel exhaust exposure is reanalyzed using a new threshold regression methodology. The study included 1256 workers who died of lung cancer and 2385 controls who died primarily of circulatory system diseases. Diesel exhaust exposure was assessed using railroad job history from the US Railroad Retirement Board and an industrial hygiene survey. Smoking habits were available from next-of-kin and potential asbestos exposure was assessed by job history review. The new analysis reassesses lung cancer mortality and examines circulatory system disease mortality. Jobs with regular exposure to diesel exhaust had a survival pattern characterized by an initial delay in mortality, followed by a rapid deterioration of health prior to death. The pattern is seen in subjects dying of lung cancer, circulatory system diseases, and other causes. The unique pattern is illustrated using a new type of Kaplan–Meier survival plot in which the time scale represents a measure of disease progression rather than calendar time. The disease progression scale accounts for a healthy-worker effect when describing the effects of cumulative exposures on mortality.     

Designing and integrating composite networks for monitoring multivariate gaussian pollution fields

Networks of ambient monitoring stations are used to monitor environmental pollution fields such as those for acid rain and air pollution. Such stations provide regular measurements of pollutant concentrations. The networks are established for a variety of purposes at various times so often several stations measuring different subsets of pollutant concentrations can be found in compact geographical regions. The problem of statistically combining these disparate information sources into a single 'network' then arises. Capitalizing on the efficiencies so achieved can then lead to the secondary problem of extending this network. The subject of this paper is a set of 31 air pollution monitoring stations in southern Ontario. Each of these regularly measures a particular subset of ionic sulphate, sulphite, nitrite and ozone. However, this subset varies from station to station. For example only two stations measure all four. Some measure just one. We describe a Bayesian framework for integrating the measurements of these stations to yield a spatial predictive distribution for unmonitored sites and unmeasured concentrations at existing stations. Furthermore we show how this network can be extended by using an entropy maximization criterion. The methods assume that the multivariate response field being measured has a joint Gaussian distribution conditional on its mean and covariance function. A conjugate prior is used for these parameters, some of its hyperparameters being fitted empirically.     

关于法律规则“假定”概念的思考

假定是法律规则的构成要素之一,其概念是理解这一要择,造成分析上的困难.本文分析了错误的原因,提出了自己的观点.     

试论离婚之精神损害赔偿制度

离婚之精神损害有离因精神损害和离婚精神损害两种.前者是夫妻一方对另一方构成侵权行为而导致离婚,从而给一方造成精神痛苦,受害方可请求精神损害赔偿.我国新的<婚姻法>确立了这一精神损害赔偿制度,填补了我国婚姻制度的一个空缺.而后者是夫妻一方对另一方并无侵权行为,离婚本身即为构成精神损害之直接原因,如由于第三者插足、婚外恋、夫妻一方被判处徒刑等.这种离婚同样使一方受到精神损害,自然也应得精神损害赔偿.遗憾的是,新的<婚姻法>并未作此规定.因此,要完善我国离婚之精神损害赔偿制度,不仅要使离婚之精神损失赔偿的权利义务主体进一步扩大,把第三者也作为离婚之精神损害赔偿的义务主体,而且还要将离因精神损害赔偿扩大到离婚精神损害赔偿,将因婚外恋、第三者插足、因配偶一方犯罪而被判入狱和其他原因导致离婚的情况作出规定,使精神受害者得到应有的经济救济和补偿.     

鲁迅小说的象征解读

文学的最高成就是这用象征,鲁迅则是使用象征的行家,他的小说中充满了象征构思和象征语象。对这样的经典之作,只有用象征主义的阐释方法即象征解读,才能领会其中的万千气象．本文从意旨符号、人物形象、情节布置、人生解构四个方面时鲁迅小说进行了象征解读,从而认为：象征是语言艺术的升华,是诗的点金术。鲁迅小说是诗．     

探寻"人类情感"的心灵艺术--铁凝小说创作综论

铁凝的流浪意识形成其独特的创作追求表现"人类共同情感".她的创作分早期、单纯澄明期、迷离混茫期和单纯混茫期.在创作中日益表现出的鲜明特色是人类情感的个性化表现,思想表情的力度和丰富性,叙事情境的"内聚焦"展示".     

商业秘密法律保护模式探讨——兼论我国立法的完善

对于商业秘密的立法保护,既有"行为法"模式,也有"权利法"模式。前者侧重于规制侵犯商业秘密的不正当竞争行为,强调竞争秩序的维护及社会公共利益的保护,形为"宽保护",实为"弱保护";后者侧重于保护权利人的商业秘密权,强调私权保护,形为"窄保护",实属"强保护"。厘清并强调商业秘密的知识产权属性,对确立商业秘密的权利法保护将起着重要的影响乃至决定作用。我国立法现状及司法实践,都亟待权利法的"强保护",即以权利法为中心,以行为法为补充的综合立法保护。     

内地刑法与澳门刑法总则若干基本问题的比较研究

《澳门刑法典》是具有鲜明地域特色的刑法典,其立法观念、立法技术及一些具体的刑事政策,都反映了当代刑法学的最新研究成果。它以感化教育和社会防卫为己任,对维护社会秩序发挥了重要作用,但在执行中也暴露出了一些弊端。本文将内地刑法与澳门刑法总则若干基本问题进行比较研究,就基本原则、犯罪概念及犯罪构成的异同及优劣进行了分析比较。     

借势发展:县域经济科学发展的“快车道”

主动就近承接先进地区的产业转移和要素外溢,借梯登高、借势发展,是县域经济又好又快发展的重要途径.高密市借鉴江苏省昆山市借势上海发展的模式与经验,立足实际、明确思路;主动作为、全面对接;突出重点、创新举措,"主动对接、率先融入" 青岛城市群,实现了思想观念、行政机制、经济结构、基础设施、科技与人才、信息资源、产业链条等的全方位对接,发展配套产业和"配角"经济,促进了区域经济的持续、快速发展.     

浅析当前国际环境和国际政治斗争给大学生带来的影响

本文概述了当前的国际环境和国际政治斗争的新变化 ,分析了国际环境和国际政治斗争给大学生带来的影响 ;对新形势下 ,高等学校如何抵制和防范西方敌对势力的渗透和颠覆进行了初步的探讨。