以培养道德需要为中心的德育过程

强烈的道德需要是进行道德教育的良好基础与保证。从根本上说，社会生产决定了社会道德标准和人的行为方式，也最终决定了人的道德选择和道德需要。以道德需要的培养为中心的德育包括社会道德需要和个体道德需要的培养两方面的内容。道德教育的基本任务是：社会道德追求的改造和社会道德问题的重新解读，形成道德需要，道德实践的重构。基本的道德教育过程主要包括：理论准备、形成道德需要（社会需要和个人需要）的道德理论与知识的教育活动、道德实践、道德问题的提出及解决、道德需要的满足（社会责任）、道德观念的内化、产生新的道德需要（道德的发展、道德需要的满足和层次的提升）等环节。     

高校反腐倡廉与制度创新

加强教育、发展民主、健全法制、强化监督、创新体制,从源头上预防和治理腐败问题,是反腐倡廉工作的新思路。本文试从制度创新的必要性、高校领导干部权力的制约、健全多种监督形式的网络等方面阐述以制度创新促进高校反腐倡廉工作,从标本兼治的理论与实践上探索高校反腐败的新路子。     

《巴黎圣母院》的性虐色彩——透视一种文化现象

性虐活动是欧洲古往今来特有的文化现象,本文认为,这种现象在雨果的《巴黎圣母院》中时有隐现,小说中加西莫多受鞭刑和克罗德观看对爱斯梅哈尔达的拷问并自虐致伤等情节隐含着性虐色彩,这和渗透在欧洲绘画雕塑中的性虐艺术趣味相似,透现出一种苦乐相生、痛快相承的残酷痛苦之美。     

中国节节麦的细胞遗传学研究及有关问题探讨

应用染色体组分析法,对新疆节节麦、黄河流域节节麦、伊朗节节麦和中东节节麦的D染色体组进行了较系统的比较分析,结果表明:新疆节节麦与伊朗、中东两地节节麦在染色体组水平上无明显差异,其差异仅体现在染色体的细微结构组成上;臂内倒位是引起染色体结构组成上细微分化的主要原因。黄河流域节节麦与新疆节节麦的染色体组极为相近;其D组染色体无论在染色体组水平上,还是在染色体细微结构组成上均无差异。本文还就中国节节麦与中国特有六倍体普通小麦的起源演化,中国节节麦种质资源在现代小麦育种中的应用等问题进行了讨论。     

Forced to work and liberated from work

The work-welfare nexus is essential in all social policy regimes. The question is in what situations individuals should be entitled to social welfare benefits and in which situations they should be obliged to work. Social welfare law and administrative practices define mechanisms that separate the deserving poor from people able to work. This article analyses the functions and character of these "separation mechanisms" in Sweden during three periods in history: a) in rural society in the late 19th century; b) in industrial society during the successful years of the Swedish model from World War II until the late 1970s; and c) the present, including the period of welfare retrenchment and reconsideration since the early 1980s. The conclusion is that Swedish social policy has always been strongly work-oriented, but the specific form and content of the work ethic has varied under the influence of different ideologies and handled in different social policy institutions. Under specific conditions the work line has been either generous or restrictive and it has been based on structural attempts to improve the opportunities to work as well as on attempts to strongly pressure the individual to work. The work line of today is seen as an interesting attempt to combine an effort to create good work through improved work conditions and an effort to reinforce elements of work enforcement in the social insurance system.     

隋炀帝时科技上的成就

本文提出了隋朝经济空前发展的又一重要原因，是隋炀帝时科技生产力重视的新观点，并论述了大业年间科技上的巨大成就。     

Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden

During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens.     

A Process for Incorporating Comparative Risk into Environmental Policymaking in Louisiana

The goal of Louisiana's 1990–1991 comparative risk project, also called the Louisiana Environmental Action Plan (LEAP), was to incorporate risk assessment into state environmental planning and policymaking. Scientists, government officials, and citizens were brought together to estimate the relative risk to human health, natural resources, and quality of life posed by 33 selected environmental issues. The issues were then ranked according to their relative estimated risks. It was hoped that this ranking of "comparative risks" would enable state policymakers to target the most important environmental problems and allocate scarce public resources more rationally and efficiently. As a result of the project, the governor issued an Executive Order forming a permanent Public Advisory Committee to continue this type of comparative risk assessment in Louisiana.     

Employment and filial relations: Is there a conflict?

Since children, particularly daughters, are among the most important sources of help and support for older Americans, it has been suggested that women's increasing employment will affect filial relations. Empirical evidence on this issue is inconsistent, in part due to the use of nonprobability samples. Few studies have measured effects for men. We attempt to broaden the scope of this question beyond help to the frail elderly by asking whether employment affects filial relations in general. We examine effects of hours employed on telephone contact, visiting, feelings of closeness, filial attitudes, and assistance to biological parents, for an area probability sample of men and women over 40. There are no effects of employment for men or women on contact, closeness, or assistance. For the vast majority of this population sample, contact and assistance involve few hours per week, and thus do not seem to conflict with employment.     

社会科技化和加强社会主义精神文明建设

科技社会化是现代社会发展的必然 ,加强科技文明建设是社会主义精神文明建设的重要内容。本文在分析了社会科技化在社会主义精神文明建设中的重要作用的基础上 ,进而具体探讨了科技文明建设的内涵