创新型国家战略下大学生创新能力的培养

中央已经作出建设创新型国家战略的部署,为适应这一新形势的需要,高等教育应该把大学生创新能力的培养作为的重要使命和首要目标。高校必须以创新教育为主旨,通过落实新的教育理念、重视高校德育教育、改革教学内容、方法和手段等方式,培养学生的独立思考能力与创新能力,促使学生个性的形成与发展。     

试析高校新生学校归属感的建立

从中学进入大学,当代大学生面临着环境适应、角色转换和应对多元文化挑战的难题,尽快融入一个全新的学习和生活环境,对学生的心理健康和成长至关重要。本文通过对学校归属感的概念定义以及高校新生学校归属感较易缺失的原因分析,论述了学校归属感与学生全面发展的关系,提出了建立高校新生学校归属感的途径和办法,以期使每一位大学生都能够在和谐的校园环境和健康高雅、积极向上的校园文化氛围中健康成长。     

开发创造力中的非智力因素

世界各国之间的竞争实质上是人的创造力的竞争 ,开发创造力是使中华民族走向现代文明的根本措施之一。创造力的诸要素可归纳为智力因素和非智力因素 ,开发创造力是智力因素与非智力因素共同参与的过程 ,是两者相互作用的结果。非智力因素得到良好发展才能使智力因素得以最佳发挥 ,从而最大限度地开发人的创造力。     

MEA:从理论的建构到实践的反思

设置并试办教育硕士专业学位 (MEA)是中国研究生教育的重要里程碑 ,是基础教育品质提升的重要途径。MEA的培养要突出师范性和学术性的统一 ;突出理论研究与实际应用的统一 ;突出“宽、新、实”的高度统一。要加强案例教学 ,建立健全质量保证体系 ,这对于弘扬师范精神 ,提高教师地位至关重要。     

从曾国藩科举观看其家教思想

在对待科举的观念上,曾国藩迥异于当时的主流教育观念。对弟弟们和长子曾纪泽的科举,曾国藩表现出不必学科举、不强求中举、得失不足挂怀的观念;对次子曾纪鸿的科举,他表现出始于重视终于释然的观念。曾国藩的弟弟和两个儿子都未中举,曾国藩并没有让他们困在科举的泥潭里,而是引导他们另辟蹊径,使他们最终在各自擅长的领域取得了一定成就。曾国藩的科举观不仅仅是简单的教育观念,背后蕴含了丰富的家教思想,诸如读书非功利、得失随缘、笃立大志、孝友传家、因材施教、开明务实等思想,这些思想对家族成员产生了潜移默化的影响,使曾家成为享誉中外的百年家族。曾国藩的家教思想历久弥新,在当下的读书考试、升学就业和家风传承等方面仍有启示意义。     

Intensive fostering: An independent evaluation of MTFC in an English setting

This paper presents the results of an independent evaluation of the Multi-dimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) programme for young offenders in England, where it is known as Intensive Fostering (IF).

Methods

A quasi-experimental, mixed methods study was carried out at the three pilot sites, with a total sample of 47 at follow up. Young people sentenced to IF were compared to a similar group, matched on the eligibility criteria for IF, the majority of whom were sentenced to custody. The groups were well-matched in terms of their characteristics and criminal histories. Official data on reconviction were collected at baseline and one year after entry to the IF placement or release from custody (Stage 1), and further data on programme completion and secondary outcomes were collected via interviews with young people and parents and questionnaires to professionals at baseline and follow up. Official data on reconviction were also collected one year after exit from the IF placements (Stage 2).

Results

At Stage 1 the IF group were less likely to be reconvicted, had committed fewer and less serious recorded offences, on average, and took longer to commit their first recorded offence. At this point the IF group were more likely to be living with their families and less likely to be in custody than the comparison group. However by Stage 2 no significant differences in patterns of reconviction remained.

Conclusions

IF successfully contained a high-risk group in the community, but the effects of the intervention washed out once they left their foster placements. Environmental effects on entry to and exit from the IF placements may help to explain the results at both stages.     

Children in Foster Care and the Development of Favorable Outcomes

Young foster children have invariably faced a variety of risks that are strongly linked to long-term deficits in functioning across multiple developmental domains. Despite these risks, however, some children demonstrate more favorable outcomes and exhibit adaptation and the development of assets. In the present study, the relationship of early childhood factors (e.g., maltreatment history, placement history, parenting practices, environmental stress, developmental status, and attachment behavior) to the development of favorable outcomes in middle childhood was examined in a sample of foster children who had been in foster care in preschool (N = 35). Favorable outcomes were defined as demonstrations of emotion regulation and school adjustment during middle childhood. Developmental status (particularly attention and executive functioning) and a lack of environmental stress during early childhood foster care experiences had a significant positive relationship with the development of emotion regulation and school adjustment in middle childhood.     

Polygyny and Fertility among the Shipibo of the Peruvian Amazon

This report describes a study of the fertility experience of an Amazon Indian tribe that has shown evidence of having the highest documented fertility of any human group. The Shipibo, who live in the upper Peruvian Amazon, are experiencing rapid cultural change, including a decline in the prevalence of polygyny. This study tests the specific hypotheses that polygyny limits individual female and community fertility through the mechanism of post partum sexual abstinence and longer birth intervals. Total population counts in eight villages and reproductive histories of all females age 13+ show that mean birth interval lengths of polygynous women are four months longer than those of monogamous women. Fertility of polygynous women was lower, with 1.3 fewer term-births per reproductive span than that of monogamous women. The community general fertility rate is negatively associated with the proportion of polygynous birth intervals in the community. In this study, cultural change is strongly associated with higher fertility.     

Caregivers' Endorsement of Barriers to Mental Health Services for Children and Youth in Child Welfare

The purpose of this study was to examine the three most common types of caregivers in the child welfare system (birth parents, relative caregivers, and foster parents), an active child welfare case, caregivers' endorsement of barriers to mental health services and mental health service use by caregivers for the children under their care. The sample consisted of 430 dyads (caregivers and their children). Results indicate that an active child welfare case, provider characteristics, and accessibility of services predicted mental health service use for children. Implications for the child welfare and mental health systems are discussed.     

The Relationship Between Caseworker Assessments of Clients’ Social Networks and Child Welfare Placement Outcomes

Policy changes in Ontario, Canada, emphasized the role of social supports as a protective measure for children at risk. The authors examined the relationship between worker assessments of total number and type of social support and whether an infant is removed from the mother’s care. Analyses indicated that infants were less likely to be removed from the mother’s care when caseworkers viewed maternal social supports as positive. This association was strongest when the caseworker identified only positive supports, with nonnegative contacts. Results suggest that caseworkers’ distinctions between positive and nonpositive social networks influence removal decisions.