青少年网络帮派犯罪的现状检视及其对策思考

目前,利用网络结社和勾联所结成的"网络帮派"正在成为引发青少年犯罪的新途径。其中,网络帮派有其明显的群体特征:等级性和管理的完整性、网络纠集的快捷性和群体犯罪的疯狂性。其中网络公会成为青少年网络帮派的新形式,极易培养青少年的帮派意识,并诱发青少年结帮犯罪。网络帮派犯罪不仅因其便捷和突发性而使犯罪防治更加困难,而且它毒害了青少年的心理,损害了青少年的健康成长。因此,应针对青少年网络帮派犯罪形成的青少年自身、社会和法律原因,加强学校和家庭对青少年的教育和引导,加强网络监管,完善立法和加强司法干预等。     

Developmental Influences and Gang Awareness among African-American Inner City Youth

This research aimed to clarify the correlates of gang awareness in inner city youth as a function of age, gender and peer group affiliation. It is proposed that the influence and hegemony of street gangs is a distinguishing feature of inner city neighborhoods, and that this influence is mediated by development. Participants (N = 489) were African American boys and girls from the 1st, 4th, and 7th grades in four inner city public schools. Students’ knowledge of gangs in the local community was determined. Social networks for 4th and 7th grade students were identified. Girls’ and boys’ familiarity with local gangs increased with age and differed by peer group affiliation. The relationship of gang familiarity to teacher and self‐ratings of aggression, popularity, and academic competence changed with age. These findings support the proposition that neighborhoods have nontrivial effects on social development, and these effects are likely to interact with developmental status and social affiliations.     

Understanding Latino Family Attitudes in Relation to Latino Gang Members' Substance Abuse

Abstract

This paper presents a content analysis of ethnographic interviews from long-term Latino gang members whose families have recently immigrated to the United States. Positive relationships within the family, parental support, a consistent and constructive parental discipline style and adult supervision tend to be related negatively to adolescents' deviant behaviors and their association with deviant peers. An expected positive relationship between the parent-child constructs, adolescents' deviant behaviors, and association with deviant peers was not found. Positive family attitudes toward deviance were associated with the number of drug type transactions and greater levels of drug use. This association has been overlooked in previous research.

Our study expands the examination of the influence a family's positive attitudes toward deviance has on the apparent progression of drug use in a sample of Latino gang members with histories of drug use. An analysis of structured interview content differentiated family attitudes toward deviance as: encouragement and tolerance, imitation, and defining norms.     

European Youth Gang Policy in Comparative Context

The past decade has seen increased reports of street gangs across a range of contexts. In Europe, anxieties over street‐based youth has led to the development of gang‐specific policies across a range of jurisdictions, most notably the UK. Following a similar pattern of policy mobility in criminal justice, many of these policies have origins in the US system. In this review of international gang policy developments, we critically examine a number of these policies in a comparative context ‐ including gang policing units and intelligence databases ‐ and interrogate their efficacy. Drawing on cogent examples from the UK, we argue for caution in adopting US gang intervention tactics due to the lack of empirical evidence relating to their applicability or efficacy, and the corresponding potential for discrimination toward the most marginalised and socially excluded children and young people in society.     

武汉抗战时期的武汉帮会

武汉抗战期间,武汉地区的帮会得到进一步发展。武汉地区的帮会可分为当地帮会和外地帮会两大部分,其活动具有主客帮会和平共处、积极支持抗战、亲近国民党等显著的时代特征和鲜明的政治色彩;但部分反动帮会勾结敌伪、卖国求荣、强取豪夺、牟取私利,产生了一定的社会危害。通过对武汉抗战时期武汉帮会的考察,可以得出两点启示：第一,帮会是可以团结和争取的。在民族抗战的感召下,绝大部分帮会最终站在了抗日的立场上。整个抗战期间,帮会在“抗日高于一切”“保卫家乡”“保卫祖宗坟墓”的口号下,创造了许多奇迹。第二,帮会带有浓厚的封建迷信色彩、明显的落后性及巨大的破坏性,极易被反动势力操纵利用,成为阻碍社会历史进步的反动力量。对此,应予以高度的警觉,必须对帮会进行彻底改造,直至其消灭,切不可与其沆瀣一气。     

The Road to Gang Membership: Characteristics of Male Gang and Nongang Members from Ages 10 to 14

This study examined the stability of belonging to a gang in early adolescence, the behaviour profiles, family characteristics, and friendships of nongang and gang members. The subjects in the present study were originally part of a larger sample of boys. One hundred and forty‐two boys who had a complete data set at ages 11, 12, 13, and 14 were selected for the present study. Loglinear analyses indicated that gang membership was stable from ages 13 to 14, but not at earlier ages. Boys were divided into three groups: stable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at ages 13 and 14); unstable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at either age 13 or 14) and nongang members. Repeated analyses of variance indicated that stable gang members had significantly higher scores than nongang members on teacher ratings of fighting behaviour, hyperactivity, inattention and oppositional behaviour, and self‐reported delinquent activities (drug and alcohol use, stealing and vandalism). Peers rated gang members as more aggressive than nongang members. The results are discussed from a developmental perspective.     

论民国帮会走向社团化、政党化的原因

民国时期帮会社团化、政党化倾向显著,其原因主要有:民国后,由于周边环境出现重大变化,帮会为了生存和发展,便于向上层社会流动,以实现利益最大化,不得不改弦更张,其目标、任务也随之发生重大转移。此时帮会内部构成也出现较大变化,其中下层中来自劳工界、商界和知识界成员比重大大增加,他们有较稳定的职业,也较安分;其上层人物已基本上按统治者需要清洗而分化、重新整合,帮会反政府的思想和力量大大削弱。内外因素使得组建政党和社团成为帮会实现利益最大化的最佳途径。     

涉黑犯罪法律适用若干问题的研究

由于涉黑犯罪的立法不完善和司法实践的复杂性,导致涉黑三罪的司法认定存在诸多疑难问题,对涉黑三罪构成的疑难之点进行研究,有较强现实针对性。     

Taking Over the School: Student Gangs as a Strategy for Dealing with Homophobic Bullying in an Urban Public School District

SUMMARY

This article discusses the African American lesbian gang, DTO (Dykes Taking Over), as an example of a student-initiated strategy for dealing with homophobic bullying in an urban American school district. A series of alleged incidents of same-sex sexual harassment by gang members on heterosexual students illustrate how lesbian/bisexual threat was used by these women to re-establish a power differential after they experienced bullying based on their sexuality and gender expression. A series of alleged incidents of same-sex sexual harassment by gang members on female heterosexual students illustrate how gay/bisexual threat was used by these women to re-establish a power differential after they experienced bullying based on their sexuality and gender expression. This article considers how these students were reacting, perhaps preemptively and in retaliation, to homophobia in their schools, particularly from their peers, forming gangs and using same sex sexual harassment of other students as a weapon against homophobia and a means by which they could assert themselves in their masculinities, not unlike their male peers who experience same sex bullying and/or harassment and use anti-female sexual harassment to assert their masculinity. Intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality frame several major questions that arise from these considerations, including: Might their masculinities be uniquely related to their performances of bullying? (How) could homophobic bullying be framed with sexual harassment in both policy and practice? Would this framing benefit or harm students who are bullied? How would/does that change the way we can handle it in schools (i.e., school policies), if at all? Implications for school-based practitioners are discussed with regard to how these students' behavior might be the result of a lack of programs and services available for LGBTQ and same gender loving youth both in and after school.