Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Oral Sex Among Rural and Urban Malawian Men

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Despite medical evidence that female-to-male oral sex (fellatio) carries a lower risk for HIV transmission than unprotected vaginal intercourse, little research exists on the practice of fellatio in Africa. The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of oral sex in Malawi, and to provide the first evidence on factors associated with the practice in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We used two samples of men from Malawi—one rural and one urban—to examine the prevalence of oral sex, as well as factors that were associated with the knowledge and practice of oral sex. Results: While 97% of the rural sample and 87% of the urban sample reported having had vaginal sex, just 2% and 12%, respectively, said they had ever received oral sex. Only half of the rural sample, and less than three quarters of the urban sample, reported having heard of oral sex. Education, exposure to newspapers and television, and condom use significantly predicted oral sex knowledge after controlling for other confounding factors, while exposure to radio did not. Conclusions: The large gap between sexual activity and oral sex prevalence suggests that fellatio should be taken into consideration as a potential component of an HIV prevention strategy, but further quantitative and qualitative research that includes women as well as men is needed to understand potential benefits and drawbacks.     

家族企业准接班人的创业精神传承:以高校在读家族企业后代为样本的探索性实证研究

改革开放30年,大批早前创业成功的家族企业面临着接班传承的问题。而对于前辈企业家创业精神的传承,比企业所有权和控制权的继承更重要。企业家是市场经济的主角,创业精神则是企业家的灵魂,创业精神的继承和发扬,直接影响着家族企业的可持续发展。创业意图是创业精神的原始体现,先有创业意图才会激发创业行为,创业意图是所有创业活动的根本基础和出发点,也是企业家创业精神及其传承的研究切入点。中国大量的家族企业准接班人目前都处于大学教育阶段,文章以其为研究对象,运用并扩展了计划行为理论模型,通过实证数据深入辨析了各种相关因素对家族企业后代创业意图所产生的不同影响。研究结论为家族企业传承以及创业学研究都提供了有益参考,另外文章中所运用的Smartpls软件在进行探索性研究时具有强大的功能,值得引起各位学者的重视。     

Factors That Influence Willingness to Help the Homeless

Homelessness is an ongoing challenge for many families and individuals. Many struggle to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter. Unfortunately, we know very little about the people who directly help homeless people meet these needs. The present study examines the relationships between empathy, religion, household income, political orientation, gender, race, and people's expressed willingness to assist the homeless. Results demonstrate a strong and consistent link between empathy and willingness to help. Moderately consistent associations are found for religion and race. Limitations, suggestions for further research, and for practical application are discussed.     

“新闻侵权”肯定说——兼与张新宝教授商榷

新闻侵权如何规制,在侵权责任法起草过程中争论不休。刚刚通过的《侵权责任法》最终对此没有专门规定,立法上的如此安排是否科学广受社会关注。笔者从＂否认说＂代表人物张新宝教授撰写的《新闻（媒体）侵权否认说》一文入手,指出该文在论证上存在一定问题,并通过分析新闻侵权的特质,得出新闻侵权应属特殊侵权行为的结论。     

大学生亲社会行为主观助人动机和社会干预探讨

当前大学生亲社会行为并不表现积极.本研究以调查问卷的方式随机考察大学生亲社会行为主观助人动机.调查发现大学生主观助人动机受社会规范学习和互惠规范影响为主,其次是社会交换理论的影响以及移情和利他主义的假设.大学生主观陈述时首选助人动机为满足精神愉悦感.     

网络发展对大学生行为的影响

以因特网为代表的信息技术的飞速发展，正改变着大学生的传统行为，并塑造着一些新行为。网络的发展，迫切要求通过法的规范和大学生自身素养的提高，达到消除网络负面影响的目的。     

The ritual abuse of children: Implications for clinical practice and research

The development of a 14‐year‐old female from defending herself from sexual crimes to committing such a crime is presented in case‐report form. Her individual history, family dynamics, and transgenerational patterns are explored. A review of the current literature is utilized to understand why some abused persons become abusers.     

Attitudes About Lesbians and Gay Men:

In the past 25 years, numerous studies have reported widely held negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Many social service providers hold such negative attitudes. A review of the existing research reveals that the correlates of negative attitudes have remained fairly consistent over time. Knowledge of these correlates can be useful in the design of programs to reduce negative attitudes among students and social service providers.     

农民经济行为与文化解释

农村经济发展重点在农民,农民个体行为与整个经济环境的冲突与协调,是现代经济学以经济行为研究为核心的体现.对于农民经济行为的研究,中西方学者都站在不同的角度进行了阐释,而通过文化角度的阐释是其中重要组成部分.     

Erotophobia‐erotophilia as a dimension of personality

This review discusses the measurement, antecedents, and consequents of erotophobia‐erotophilia—the disposition to respond to sexual cues along a negative‐positive dimension of affect and evaluation. Test construction procedures which resulted in a 21‐item measure of this personality construct are reported. Evidence indicates that the measure is internally consistent, shows acceptable degrees of convergent and discriminant validity, and is correlated as expected with related constructs such as authoritarianism, adherence to traditional sex roles, indices of value orthodoxy, and various measures of sex‐related evaluations. Retrospective surveys and group contrasts suggest that erotophobia‐erotophilia is a learned disposition based on one's exposure to sex‐related restrictiveness and punishment during socialization. Consequents of erotophobia‐erotophilia involve avoidance versus approach responses to sexuality in a wide range of situations; scores on this test predict differential sexual experience, responses to erotica, likelihood of engaging in sexual fantasy behavior, the tendency to learn about or teach others about sex, engaging in sex‐related health care, the probability of utilizing contraception, and behaving sexually during pregnancy and postpartum. Cross‐cultural research provides evidence for the generality of this construct beyond North America.