从符号学的角度浅析新闻心理互动机制

新闻是典型的符号。在新闻传播过程中 ,符号的流动包括两个方面 :传者对新闻讯息的编码过程和受众的译码过程。由于传者主体的群体差异和个体差异而带来的编码的不确定性 ,以及受众主体因不同的心理需求而带来的译码的主观解释性 ,造成了新闻传受的不对等性。尽量消除这种不对等性 ,要求传者和受者通过相互作用 ,最终达到双方对新闻符号代码的一种“动态中的平衡” ,同时 ,它也需要建立合理的传受心理互动机制     

信息不对称中的政府职能

信息不对称是指市场交易双方拥有的信息存在差异。信息不对称在市场经济中是广泛而经常存在的。信息不对称会产生一系列市场结果。尽管市场可以在一定程度上解决信息不对称问题,但在社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善过程中,更重要的是充分发挥政府职能才能有效解决信息不对称问题。     

Race and Place: Exploring the Intersection of Inequity and Volunteerism Among Older Black and White Adults

Although the historical impact of racial segregation and ongoing health and economic inequities between older Black and White adults is well documented, little is known about the relationships among race, individual- and neighborhood-resources, and formal volunteering in later life. This study explores this intersection. Individual-level data from 268 respondents aged 55+ were collected in the St. Louis metropolitan area through paper-based mail surveys. Objective neighborhood data were obtained at the zip code level from secondary sources and matched with respondents. Using exploratory factor analysis, we constructed a 14-item environmental scale with 3 neighborhood dimensions (economic, social, and built environment). Older Black adults had lower levels of education; had fewer financial assets; lived in neighborhoods with less economic resources and lower built environment scores; and fewer formally volunteered when compared to older White adults. Individual resources (financial assets, health) and neighborhood resources (social and built environment) were positively associated with formal volunteering among older Black adults. Only individual resources (age, marital status, financial assets, health) were associated with formal volunteering among older White adults. A coherent set of policies that bolsters individual and environmental capacities may increase the rate of volunteerism among older black adults.     

Drivers of Exploitation and Inequity in Non‐Timber Forest Products (NTFP) Value Chains: The Case of Indian Bay Leaf in Nepal and India

This article presents the findings of a study that analysed the Indian Bay Leaf (Cinnamomum tamala) Nees and Eberm value chain (VC) in Uttarakhand, India and Udayapur, Nepal. The results show that bay‐leaf VCs are loosely integrated and consist of stakeholders with asymmetrical power relations and different priorities. Traders in India dominate the chains and inappropriate standards lead to the exploitation of small producers and inequity in the chain. Policy measures are suggested for improving co‐ordination and competitiveness in the bay‐leaf VC which could be applied to the NTFP sector as a whole.     

群体性事件“倒U型”假说：经验与检验

随着改革开放的深入发展,社会发展过程中积累的各种矛盾和冲突开始不断迸发,我国群体性事件的数量也呈现递增的趋势。文章的通过对群体性事件和人均GDP的验证分析表明：1.前我国群体性事件与经济发展水平之间的变动关系呈现出先升后降的＂倒U型＂曲线关系;2.支农、惠农政策对减少群体性事件的数量起到一定的积极作用;3.收入分配不公是群体性事件的重要影响因素;4.城市成为了群体性事件爆发的主要阵地。相应地,政府应该致力于克服GDP内部的两极分化,即收入分配和再分配政策和改革要向合理化和公平化方向发展,尽量缩小城乡收入差距和贫富差距,并继续大力推动农村的支农和惠农政策。     

An Examination of Employed Mothers' Work-Family Narratives and Perceptions of Husbands' Support

Abstract

In this study I examine the role of husbands' supportive communication practices in serving to mediate some of the common problems that are often experienced by employed mothers. The problems that are examined in this study are work-family conflict, stress, inequity in the division of labor, and double bind beliefs. Employed mothers completed open-ended narratives of recent work-family conflicts. Wives' perceptions of their husbands' supportive communication practices were examined in the narratives. Either the presence or absence of husbands' concern was related to women's perception of inequity and work-family conflict, while husbands' participation was related to double bind beliefs. Collectively, the husbands' support practices of minimizing child care concerns, avoidance of housework, expressions of concern about housework, and participation in child care accounted for 15% of the variance in women's marital satisfaction.     

Job stress and employee strain in Indian executives

Abstract

This paper reports a study which examined: the effects of job stress on strain, the pattern of stress and strain in three different work groups, and differences in the levels of job stress and strain due to occupational level The respondents consisted of ‘executives’ from a large steel manufacturing organization. Regression analyses indicated that job future ambiguity had a significant negative effect on job satisfaction in each group of executives. Further, role overload (in the case of production executives) and role ambiguity (in the case of data processing executives) had negative effects on job satisfaction. Role overload accounted for fatigue among the personnel as well as among production executives. The data indicated that the patterns of stress and strain were different in the three groups of employees. The examination of differences due to occupational level indicated that the employees of middle levels had more role ambiguity than those at the higher levels. No significant differences were observed on other dimensions. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Community-based participatory action research on rheumatic heart disease in an Australian Aboriginal homeland: Evaluation of the ‘On track watch’ project

Strategies to date have been ineffective in reducing high rates of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in Australian Aboriginal people; a disease caused by streptococcal infections. A remote Aboriginal community initiated a collaboration to work towards elimination of RHD. Based in ‘both-way learning’ (reciprocal knowledge co-creation), the aim of this study was to co-design, implement and evaluate community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) to achieve this vision. Activities related to understanding and addressing RHD social determinants were delivered through an accredited course adapted to meet learner and project needs. Theory-driven evaluation linking CBPAR to empowerment was applied. Data collection comprised focus groups, interviews, observation, and co-development and use of measurement tools such as surveys. Data analysis utilised process indicators from national guidelines for Aboriginal health research, and outcome indicators derived from the Wallerstein framework. Findings include the importance of valuing traditional knowledges and ways of learning such as locally-meaningful metaphors to explore unfamiliar concepts; empowerment through critical thinking and community ownership of knowledge about RHD and research; providing practical guidance in implementing empowering and decolonising principles / theories. Lessons learned are applicable to next stages of the RHD elimination strategy which must include scale-up of community leadership in research agenda-setting and implementation.     

Economics or ethics? Exploring the role of CSR expectations in explaining consumers’ perceptions,motivations, and active communication behaviors about corporate misconduct

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of corporate social responsibility expectations in explaining consumers’ perceptions, motivations and communication behaviors about corporate misconduct, especially in the context of allegations of workplace gender discrimination. A survey was conducted in December 2016 among 473 Americans. The results show that while people with economic CSR expectations do not evaluate corporate misconduct negatively, those with ethical CSR expectations perceive it morally wrong. However, both types of CSR expectations were found to impact consumers’ motivations to engage in communication behaviors about the crisis. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.     

"口味无争辩"?——高低收入阶层膳食健康上的不平等及其分解

我国高低收入阶层间存在着严重的膳食健康上的不平等现象,在讨论其背后的机制时,鲜有文献涉及到口味因素.传统理念认为口味差异天生给定,无需争辩;Becker开创性地认为可以用经济学工具争辩口味问题.通过采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010年~2014年三期面板数据进行分析,加入个体固定效应的再中心化影响函数回归,消除了"不可争辩的口味";在此基础.上进行无条件分位数分解,将相同特征条件下系数不同导致的不平等定义为"可争辩的口味"效应.结果显示:在包含收入阶层流动的情况下,"可争辩的口味"和社会经济地位分别可以解释膳食健康不平等的54.3%和44.5%;在不包含收入阶层流动的情况下,二者分别可以解释37.1%和62.3%.人口学特征、个体健康、供给因素的作用很小。结论表明,收入政策只能起到部分作用,政策制定者需要重视对口味的教育引导.这在"健康中国2030"背景下,对于促进全民健康有着重要启示.