Lost in Transnational Space? Migrant Farm Workers in Rural Districts

Abstract

In recent decades, theories of transnationalism have emerged as key perspectives for analysis of international migration. Drawing on Glorius and Friedrich’s (2006 Glorius, B. and Friedrich, K. 2006. Transnational social spaces of Polish migrants in Leipzig. Migracijske i enticke teme, 22(1–2): 163–180.  [Google Scholar]) model of transnationalism, the paper analyses the case of migrant farm labour in rural Norway and demonstrates how the social context of migrants’ work influences their building of various kinds of social-capital resources which are crucial for development of transnational space. The paper argues that circularity of migration is not sufficient to instigate full-fledged transculturation and hybrid identity-formation processes. In conclusion, the paper recommends that transnational theory should pay greater attention to the social contexts of migration and observe the limits of the theory’s application.     

我国人力资本分布与流动的研究——基于“五普”与“六普”的比较分析

利用中国人口普查资料分析并比较中国人力资本存量和结构的分布现状与变化．阐述了人力资本流动时人力资本分布的影响,结果表明：我国人力资本空间分布不均衡,人力资本流动“俱乐部趋同”现象明显,但人力资本分布结构有收敛趋势。在此基础上提出加强增长极建设,建立人力资本提升机制的政策建议。     

南方局领导下的重庆抗战电影的勃兴

抗日战争时期,重庆是国民政府的陪都、国共合作的重要政治舞台,同时也是中共中央南方局所在地,云集了大批进步的电影工作者。他们在中共中央南方局的正确领导和关怀下,以满腔的爱国热情,走出摄影棚,走到前线和民众中去,拍摄了一批深受观众欢迎的故事片和抗日新闻纪录片。也由于这一时期国民政府对电影的重视,促使重庆的抗战电影蓬勃发展,取代上海,成为新的电影之都。     

Cultural Capital and Status Attainment: An Empirical Study Based on Data from Shanghai

Abstract

文化资本是影响个人教育获得和社会地位获得的重要因素。基于2008年上海市社 会结构调查数据, 从广义文化资本出发, 分别测量父母和子女文化资本对地位获得的 作用。研究发现: 父母和子女文化资本存量越高, 子女受教育年限越长; 子女文化资 本对地位获得具有显著影响; 在控制性别、父亲职业等变量后, 文化资本越多, 越有 可能进入更高阶层; 教育、家庭文化氛围和文化投资对地位获得具有持续且稳定的作 用; 文化资本是社会下层实现向上流动的有效手段。

关键词: 文化资本 教育 社会地位

Cultural capital plays an important role in individuals’ educational and status attainment. On the basis of data from the Shanghai Social Structure Survey of 2008 and from the perspective of broadly defined cultural capital, this paper measures the role of cultural capital of parents and children in the acquisition of social status. The findings are as follows: (1) Higher stocks of cultural capital on the part of parents and children mean more years of schooling for children. (2) Children’s cultural capital has a significant influence on their status attainment. (3) Controlling for variables like gender and father’s occupation, the more cultural capital one has, the more likely one is to enter a higher stratum. (4) A family’s education, cultural ambience and cultural investment have a sustained and stable impact on status attainment. (5) Cultural capital provides an effective way for the lower strata of society to achieve upward social mobility.     

交易费用与公司资本制度的意义

传统公司法理论认为,公司资本的意义在于担保债权的清偿,从而为公司的对外交往提供信用基础。本文认为,从法律经济学的角度看,公司资本的意义在于节约股东和债权人之间的交易费用。资本在总资产中所占的比例越低,股东的违约意向就越强烈,因而双方之间的信息调查费用和合约监督费用也相应越高。而法律通过强制性地将公司资本维持在较高水平,可以达到有效控制和大量节约这些交易费用的目的。社会信用环境的不断改善,大幅降低了股东和债权人间的交易费用,而经济的快速发展则使严格资本管制对经济活力所造成的隐性交易费用急剧增加。这种重要而深刻的变化最终推动了2005年我国公司法向更自由化的资本制度的转变。     

中国小农制的变态与发展现代农业的背离

我国自进入清代中叶以后人地比率逐渐下降至"率计一岁一人之食,约得四亩"的维生型小农经济临界点,标志着传统小农制的破产和趋于衰亡。新中国成立后的大半个世纪,由于长期实行农村集体土地所有制一直隐含着"集体成员权平等"和"土地产权虚置"的制度性缺陷,结果使明清以后出现的"地权分散化"和"耕地细碎化"趋势更加凸现,最终导致几亿农民在高强度劳动投入和过密型种植模式下出现了土地报酬递减和边际收益下降的现象。因此,我国下一步如何实现小农制与现代农业的有效衔接已成为理论界和政府部门亟待深入研究的一个重大实践课题。     

Social mobility and social capital in contemporary Britain

This paper seeks to contribute to social capital research by linking measures of formal and informal forms of social capital to social mobility trajectories and assessing their impact on social trust. Drawing on data from a recent national survey – Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion (2003/2004 ) – we analyse formal civic engagement and informal social connections. The latter data are obtained using, for the first time in a study in Britain, Lin's (2001 ) 'Position Generator' approach as a means to identify the volume, range and position of individuals' informal social contacts. The pattern of contacts suggests that access to social ties is strongly conditioned by mobility trajectory. We also show that civic engagement in formal associations is especially high among second-generation members of the service class. It is also shown that both class trajectory and possession of two types of social capital have significant impacts on trust. Among the social groups disadvantaged in terms of bridging social ties are not only those in lower classes but also women and members of minority ethnic groups.     

(Net)Working out: social capital in a private health club

In Bowling Alone Robert Putnam considers the possibility that the growth of private health clubs and the rising rates of membership to such clubs might represent a counter-trend to his thesis on the decline in social capital. In this paper I explore this idea using ethnographic data and social network analysis. I show both that and how networks form in health clubs and I discuss the ways in which these networks constitute social capital for their members. In addition, however, I explore the 'dark side' of this form of social capital. I argue that high integration amongst some members of a fitness class can generate a power differential between those members and other, less integrated members who experience this negatively. Furthermore, with an eye on Burt's (2005 ) important thesis on brokerage and closure, I argue that brokerage between relatively closed clusters of agents can lead to inter-group rivalry and conflict, which, in turn, is experienced negatively by those involved.     

The contribution of media consumption to civic participation

A national UK survey (N = 1017) examined the association between media consumption and three indicators of civic participation - likelihood of voting, interest in politics, and actions taken in response to a public issue of concern to the respondent. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the variance explained by media use variables after first controlling for demographic, social and political predictors of each indicator of participation. Media use significantly added to explaining variance in civic participation as follows. In accounting for voting, demographic and political/social factors mattered, but so too did some media habits (listening to the radio and engagement with the news). Interest in politics was accounted for by political/social factors and by media use, especially higher news engagement and lower media trust. However, taking action on an issue of concern was accounted for only by political/social factors, with the exception that slightly fewer actions were taken by those who watched more television. These findings provided little support for the media malaise thesis, and instead were interpreted as providing qualified support for the cognitive/motivational theory of news as a means of engaging the public.     

The quality–quantity trade-off in fertility across parent earnings levels: a test for credit market failure

The dominant economic theory of the family explains the negative correlation between family size and child achievement, a ‘quality–quantity trade-off’, through borrowing constraints and credit market failure. This paper presents a model in which the opportunity cost of time spent with children is increasing, thus creating a trade-off even in economies with perfect credit markets. While both produce a family size effect, temporal and financial constraints predict different patterns for the trade-off across levels of parent income. Using data from the National Child Development Study, the trade-off is found even among high-earning families who presumably do not face credit constraints. Moreover, the trade-off does not grow as parent earnings diminish. Both of these findings suggest that temporal and not financial constraints explain the quality–quantity trade-off.