The physical restraint of young people

Children and young people who are in residential care sometimes behave aggressively towards themselves and others, and they may need to be physically restrained by staff. This paper describes a small-scale study which examines the use of physical restraint in one Scottish region. It explores the circumstances surrounding the restraint and the feelings of staff about the use of the restraint. The study shows that many of the factors that have been shown to be associated with violence and aggression were present in the incidents described.     

日本中介组织对中小企业的指导作用及其启示

日本中小企业的健康发展同中介组织的有效指导密切相关,建立在立法和政府上下一条线的管理基础上,中介组织对中小企业发挥了积极的指导作用。这些经验对发展中国的中小企业很有借鉴意义。中国应加强立法、行政管理和中介组织建设以促进中小企业的健康发展。     

论商业登记的法律性质

商业登记是创设、变更、终止商事主体人格的法律事实 ,其性质应按私法的规律运作 ,以促进社会秩序良性发展。     

青少年自杀行为与社工介入

生命的终结可以有很多种原因,多种形式,但是其中有一种特殊的形式,一个人主动决定并采取措施结束自己的生命,这就是自杀。自杀直接危害了人的生命,社会工作者相信人的生命不应被剥夺,积极协助案主避免受伤害。本文主要对青少年自杀行为进行浅显分析,并提出社工的介入策略。     

Effective interventions to promote child and family wellness: a study of outcomes of intervention through Children's Family Centres

This paper reports research carried out in Australia designed to evaluate the impact of family support interventions by comparing the views of families and their caseworkers with respect to the perceived benefits and outcomes of the interventions in the context of changes in family functioning and parent–child relationships, and the extent to which changes led to reduced involvement in protective services. The intervention was monitored over a six‐month period using a pre‐ and post‐test design, incorporating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the methodology. The paper discusses: problem domains identified; changes in caregivers’ level of distress, problem solving and learning ability, bonding style and use of discipline; parents’ and children's cooperation with the programme; and implications of the findings for policy and research methodology.     

北京城区发展差距问题研究

本文选取了一套衡量北京市南北城区发展差距的指标体系 ,定量分析了南北城区发展差距的现状与趋势 ,并从五个方面揭示了形成这种现状与趋势的原因。作者认为 ,政府有必要干预 ,并应在产业结构调整与产业布局调整两个方面促进南部区域的发展。     

The SESS multisite collaborative research initiative: establishing common ground

Multidisciplinary intervention approaches are needed for meeting service needs for families in which substance abuse and mental health disorders may be interfering with child‐rearing. Experiences from the Starting Early Starting Smart (SESS) initiative, a 12‐site national collaborative investigation of integrating behavioural health services in early childhood and primary health care service settings for children aged 0–5 years and their families and caregivers, are described. This 4‐year applied research initiative was co‐funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services and Casey Family Programs, a private operating foundation. SESS, which was developed and implemented in 12 geographically and culturally diverse cities in the USA during 1997–2001, encouraged federal, state, and local public/private partnerships. Opportunities and challenges in using an inclusive, consensus‐based, stakeholder model to maximize study relevance and utility for researchers, practitioners, and fiscal sponsors are discussed, and lessons for multidisciplinary, multisite research collaborations are identified.     

Explaining inconsistencies between patients and collaterals: validity in outcome studies of coercive alcoholism treatment

This study aims to assess the consistency of replies to questionnaires mailed to patients and two kinds of collaterals, i.e., social workers and significant others, at a public treatment center with socially unstable and compulsory committed patients. It compares the quantity and kind of discrepancies between replies by patients and collaterals on outcome data concerning social situation and drinking habits. It aims to measure the amount of systematic bias among factors that may explain inconsistencies between reports, especially the factors compulsory commitment, worse outcome, frequency of contact and type of collateral. The responders generally agreed. Variables in which there was less agreement were explored in logistic regressions using ten explanatory variables. Significant relations did not exceed those expected by chance. Discrepancies were not systematic in size and kind. On a six-rank ordinal scale of alcohol use or abuse, however, patients tended to underestimate the extent of their abuse. Inconsistencies here concerned the degree but not the presence of abuse. No difference in consistency due to type of collateral was found. In conclusion, the consistency of the questionnaires was high and independent of the social situation of the patient, of compulsory commitment and of other background or treatment factors, as well as of treatment outcome and type of collateral.     

我国助学贷款政策变革中政府干预机制博弈分析

我国助学贷款政策历经多次变革形成目前以生源地信用助学贷款为主的助学贷款模式,这种变革离不开政府对助学贷款市场的干预。市场机制下,助学贷款经办银行和借款学生博弈中不可置信威胁的存在导致老机制助学贷款市场失灵。政府干预的作用是将银行信贷资金供给功能与信贷决策功能分离,并将信贷管理与决策交由县级资助中心员工负责,消除了银行拒贷威胁,市场失灵得以纠正,但借款学生道德风险仍是助学贷款政策顺利运行的重要隐患。     

中西伦理传统与当代国际干涉

当代国际干涉涉及强国与弱国关系的伦理、民族间关系的伦理以及国际干涉的合法性或正义性标准。中国古代主流伦理只在前两个方面有相关的规范 ,那主要是华夏中央王国对周边蛮夷居高临下的“仁慈”。毛泽东一代中国共产党人坚执国家间、民族间一概平等 ,并奠定了以国家主权为核心理念、民族平等为重要内容的中国国际及民族伦理新传统 ,而邓小平掌舵以来国家主权至上和对国际干涉几无保留的否定更为突出。西方现代伦理传统当中虽有国家平等规范 ,但也有强国特权准则 ,并且直到近四、五十年前为止不包含民族普遍平等。关于国际干涉的合法性或正义性标准 ,与西方当今自由国际主义者大不相同 ,西方经典现实主义和经典自由主义者要么反对任何国际干涉 ,要么强调合理正当的干涉有其严格的先决条件。在民族自决权与国家主权的关系 (实为民族间关系问题的一部分 )上面 ,缺乏恰当的中西伦理传统 ,这要求我们创立一套包含五项标准的、均衡和实际的政治—伦理准则