Morals,Ethics and practice — in search of social justice

Abstract

This paper reports a study of sources of influence on moral and ethical decision-making in social work practice. Practitioners from ten government and five non government agencies kept journals about the main moral issues they faced over a one-month period and were then interviewed about the nature of those issues, their resolution and the influences that shaped those resolutions. Practitioners' personal moral perspectives were found to be the main sources of influence on resolutions to a wide range of dilemmas and most of those resolutions did not conform to accepted social wok ethical practice principles. Even though the results of this study are drawn from a small sample, some implications are suggested for practitioner development, professional ethics and social work education.     

重新审视事实与价值的区分

自从元伦理学以来,事实与价值的区分被认为是价值概念的基础。以“是”为述词的判断形式和以“应当”为述词的判断形式是根本不同的,前者是事实判断,后者是价值判断。当代哲学的这一认识来源于休谟。但休谟是在一种道德文化转换背景下意识到这种区分的,当现代哲学家把它看成是价值研究的基本前提时,就取消了价值存在的本体,从而把价值看成是对主体自身态度的表达。新自然主义提出区分自然事实与社会事实,认为价值与社会事实内在相关,我们认为,新自然主义的这一认识揭示了价值的源泉。     

《元曲选》中自报家门的判断句--兼与《元刊杂剧三十种》等文献比较

《元曲选》自报家门的判断句按是否受异质语言影响而分为一般的和特殊的两大类句型。这两大类各小类在使用频率、表义特点、语用范围、附有色彩等方面呈现出各自的特色。与《元刊杂剧三十种》等文献比较,具有大体一致性,但又显出一些差异。它们大体上表现了近代汉语元明时期自报家门判断句的特有面貌。     

具有审美能力是报纸编辑工作的主导要求

在报纸的编辑工作中 ,作为一种社会精神产品生产过程中的一个中介环节 ,编辑是以出版和传播为目的的社会文化活动的执行者 ,编辑的基本劳动就是审阅、编修、收集稿件 ,具有审美能力是编辑工作的主导要求。而编辑的人格和感悟主要通过编辑的劳动表现出来 ,并可以使人明显地感受到编辑主体意识的审美创造力的高低。编辑要具有艺术细胞和审美能力 ,如发现美、理解美、协调美的能力 ,使读者在欣赏文章的同时感悟到美。     

Technical Uncertainty in Quantitative Policy Analysis — A Sulfur Air Pollution Example

Expert judgments expressed as subjective probability distributions provide an appropriate means of incorporating technical uncertainty in some quantitative policy studies. Judgments and distributions obtained from several experts allow one to explore the extent to which the conclusions reached in such a study depend on which expert one talks to. For the case of sulfur air pollution from coal-fired power plants, estimates of sulfur mass balance as a function of plume flight time are shown to vary little across the range of opinions of leading atmospheric scientists while estimates of possible health impacts are shown to vary widely across the range of opinions of leading scientists in air pollution health effects.     

Children's perceptions of others' understanding of moral transgressions: who should know better and why

The present study examined children's perceptions of other children's ability to make moral judgements. Preschool, kindergarten, first- and second-grade children rated the permissibility of moral transgressions for a same-age peer, a younger child and an older child. Children also were asked why the transgressions were wrong. Preschool and kindergarten children rated transgressions equally wrong for a same-age peer, a younger and an older child, whereas first and second graders rated transgressions for a same-age peer and an older child as more wrong than for a younger child. Preschoolers stated they did not know why the transgressions were wrong for a younger child, while kindergarten children reasoned that a younger child did not know the rules. First and second graders reasoned that a same-age peer and an older child should know ‘better’, but a younger child would not know ‘better’. Results suggest that children's perceptions of others' moral knowledge is related to children's ability to coordinate domains of social knowledge when making judgements of others' moral transgressions.     

A Dill Pickle的叙述声音、距离及判断

新西兰籍女作家凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德在其短篇小说"A Dill Pickle"中,采用作者型的叙述声音,通过人物内视点,利用表述行为、对信息量的控制等含蓄型叙述,以及大量运用人物的直接话语,牢牢控制作者、人物及读者之间的距离,树立了作者的权威性,从而控制了读者的价值判断.同时,作者在读者与女主人公之间成功建立起同情的纽带,使读者认可女主人公的价值判断,从而从侧面加强了作者型叙述声音的权威,使读者认可作者的价值判断,并与其达成共识.     

The effects of social power and disparagement humor on the evaluations of subordinates

Abstract

This article examines the effects of social power and disparagement humor on the evaluation of subordinates. According to prejudiced norm theory, it is proposed that powerful people, compared with the powerless, are more likely to negatively evaluate subordinates when exposed to disparagement humor against subordinates. To test this hypothesis, two studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 116) aimed to analyze and select humorous material (neutral vs. disparagement humor against subordinates) that allowed us to test our hypothesis. Study 2 (N = 116) investigated the effect of the exposure to disparagement humor in people who hold or not a power position. Results showed an interaction between power and type of humor: when powerful people were exposed to disparagement humor they evaluated subordinates worse than the powerless, whereas when they were exposed to neutral humor there were no differences between groups. The implications of these results are discussed.     

当前医疗事故鉴定体制存在的几个问题

我国现行医疗事故鉴定体制在鉴定委员会的组成、产生程序、鉴定内容以及鉴定行为的监督和制约等方面存在着诸多问题。作者对其弊端进行了分析 ,并建议对其在鉴定内容、鉴定主体等方面进行进一步的改革