大数据推动政府治理创新的目标与路径

大数据的广泛应用对社会产生了深远影响,也对政府治理变革起着重要推动作用,大数据将推动政府治理理念、治理体系、治理方式的创新。政府治理的目标就是应用大数据实现法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府。在运用大数据推动政府治理创新的过程中,应通过数据共享优化政府治理结构,通过政务形态信息化调整政府治理关系,通过政务平台技术化重塑政府流程,借用大数据来提升政府创新能力,通过数据应用法制化提升政府法治水平。所以,政府必须要主动适应信息公开和数据共享的大趋势,以此推动政府治理的变革与创新,进一步提高政府治理能力。     

我们需要什么样的研究性教学？——关于“一流教学”建设的思考

研究性教学在很多高校的教学实践当中陷入了叫好不叫座的尴尬当中,其原因在于将研究和研究性教学相混同。研究以发现新知为宗旨,而研究性教学则应以传播已有知识为己任。让研究作为教学的手段,不是为了以研代教,而是为了寓教于研,避免知识灌输的局面,提升知识传播的效果。要做到这一点,研究性教学应以已有知识为内容,坚持知识的确定性,以便合理设计研究问题,让学生明确自己在知识上的收获,从而为未来从事真正的研究打好基础。     

The rise of Trump and an agenda for regulatory reform

The arrival of Trump in the White House does not augur well for the long-run prospects of the US economy. The protectionism that is gathering steam under his presidency may yield some short-term gains, but at the detriment of the long-run. Examining the discontent among ordinary voters that brought Trump to power, this paper argues that this should be treated as an opportunity for a major regulatory reform. With the advance of digital technology, we have increasing returns to scale, and that, in turn, is making our antitrust laws backfire and hurt the well-being of ordinary people, thereby sowing discontent. The paper builds a simple model to illustrate this and makes the case for revoking the older antitrust laws and replacing them with some simple profit-sharing rules at the level of the firm, and the economy.     

分享经济对Airbnb房源集聚社区影响的实证研究

为了深入探究分享经济给社区带来的影响,在对上海Airbnb官网的5 502个房源数据进行分析的基础上,归纳了上海Airbnb分布特征,在Airbnb房源较为集中的社区采取社会调查的方式研究Airbnb发展会给社区造成的影响。研究发现,Airbnb在上海发展迅速,在空间数量和房价方面均呈现出从中心城区向周边递减的趋势,交通便利、具有上海风情的房源受消费者关注显著;在Airbnb房源集中社区,Airbnb对社区造成的影响因素集中在房源所在社区类型、旅游者个人素质、租房目的等方面,目前Airbnb给社区带来的影响总体较小,尚未引起社区居民的反对;社区居民对这种分享住宿形式较为关心的是可能带来的在社区冲突、安全和环境方面的消极影响与问题,对提升社区知名度与形象方面持积极态度。研究表明,管理机构和Airbnb应该共同建立制度,运用技术手段,避免给社区居民带来潜在的社会风险或环境安全问题。     

非正式知识网络关系强度分布与知识流动小世界

针对非正式知识网络上的知识流动小世界现象,利用多主体建模与仿真方法,基于经典WS小世界网络建立知识流动模型,研究了知识流动小世界现象的发生机理.结果表明,知识流动小世界现象的内在机理为网络宏观关系强度分布呈现指数衰减;网络知识流动效率对于网络宏观关系强度分布具有高度敏感性;网络平均关系强度均值的不同会影响网络关系强度分布的演化速度,但不影响其演化模式.     

企业价值链上协同知识创新的动态决策模型

针对企业价值链上协同知识创新的决策问题,以制造企业为价值链上主导企业,考虑由价值链上主导企业(大方型、小气型)与价值链上合作企业(目光长远型、目光短浅型)所交叉形成的四种不同情况,运用微分博弈分析了它们进行价值链协同知识创新的动态决策过程.通过对比四种不同情况下价值链上协同知识创新的决策结果,得出了一种帕累托最优的价值链上协同知识创新的情况,并分析了其成立的相应条件,同时提出了促成这种帕累托最优价值链协同知识创新情况实现的建议.最后,通过算例分析验证了理论推导的结果.     

Local volunteers respond to the Rena oil spill in Maketū, New Zealand

Following the MV Rena grounding and oil spill in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand in October 2011, the Māori community of Maketū were quick to respond to the arrival of oil on their beaches. They asserted their rangatiratanga by establishing their marae as a base and successfully coordinated a clean-up by more than 450 volunteers, feeding these volunteers every day. We interviewed 11 clean-up leaders and volunteers in Maketū to gather information about how the oil spill affected people in the community and how they ensured the success of their clean-up efforts. Many volunteers returned to help with the clean-up day after day over several weeks. Concepts of kaitiakitanga and manaakitanga underpinned the work of the Maketū clean-up organisers. Participants attributed the success of the Maketū clean-up to the speed with which they responded, the support they received from their community and local businesses, and their local knowledge.     

Re‐conceptualising the link between research and practice in social work: A literature review on knowledge utilisation

Despite the recent movement towards greater research use in many areas of social work, criticisms persist that decision making in practice is seldom informed by sound research evidence. Discourse about the research‐to‐practice gap in social work has tended to focus on the feasibility of evidence‐based practice for the profession, but has rarely drawn from the broader knowledge utilisation literature. There are important understandings to be gained from the knowledge utilisation field, which spans more than six decades of interdisciplinary research.This article introduces the wider knowledge utilisation literature to a social work audience. It considers the potential of this body of literature to facilitate research use in social work, as well as conceptual issues that may be hindering it from informing improvements to research utilisation in practice.     

专利正当性：阿罗悖论的困境及其重释

知识是由不同层级的信息所构成。构成发明的知识是显性知识和隐性知识的混合。隐性知识难以表达,也难于共享,并不具有公共产品的属性。这使得传统上用以阐释专利正当性的“阿罗信息公开悖论”理论缺乏逻辑和实践的解释力,因而需要重释“阿罗悖论”。隐性知识在一定条件下可以外化为显性知识,专利正当性在于激励发明人将隐性知识外化。它以专利文献为媒介而将隐性知识外化代码向公众公开,以排他权为手段来激励发明人承担隐性知识外化的成本,从而实现隐性知识的扩散（转移）。这表明,未能编码化的隐性知识不受专利保护。在公开充分性条件、普通技术人员标准、现有技术界定、实验例外等重要的专利制度方面,应该防止对专利权人的过分保护。