中国传统山水画创作的“设计性”——从《踏歌图》谈起

从山水国画创作技法的“设计性”、创作观念的“设计性”和创作意象的“设计性”三个层面探讨了中国传统绘画创作的内在精髓，指出中国传统绘画历史发展主线的“设计性”典型性特质似乎从未更改过，“生成性”“创造性”则成为绘画创作的灵魂所在。     

当代工笔人物画肌理制作新技法探析

论述了画面肌理的基本概念及传统肌理制作的历史及艺术特点，并重点介绍了罗寒蕾、庄道静为代表的当代工笔人物画家的艺术形式，以此对当代工笔人物画中肌理新技法表现进行了总结提炼，探求工笔人物绘画的未来发展走向。     

Using epidemiological and health economic measures to inform maternity staffing decisions: A guide

BackgroundThere is growing concern around unnecessary intervention (particularly caesarean section) at birth in high-income countries. Caseload midwifery care aims to offset this, but is perceived to be costly to health services.AimTo use epidemiological and health economic techniques to estimate health outcomes and cost-savings of different levels of equivalent full time (EFT) midwives working in caseload midwifery care.MethodsTwo simulations were conducted — one assuming 10 EFT midwives working in a caseload model, with 35 women per caseload, and one assuming 50 EFT midwives working in a caseload model, with 45 women per caseload. Both were based on a sample of 5000 women. The main model inputs included rates of health outcomes for women (caesarean section, epidural anaesthesia, and episiotomy) and infants (low birthweight and admissions to special care nursery (SCN) or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)), and the cost savings associated with health outcome avoidance.FindingsThe first simulation estimated 27 fewer caesarean sections, 12 fewer epidurals, 12 fewer episiotomies, 10 fewer low birthweight births, and 23 fewer infants admitted to SCN or NICU annually, at a total cost saving of AU$1,874,715. The second simulation estimated 173 fewer caesarean sections, 76 fewer epidurals, 76 fewer episiotomies, 65 fewer low birthweight births, and 150 fewer infants admitted to SCN or NICU annually, at a total cost saving of AU$12,051,741.ConclusionThis study provides local-level decision-makers with a decision-tool to calculate the potentially avoidable health outcomes and cost savings associated with implementing caseload midwifery care in their own service.