Leadership and Crew Resource Management in High-Reliability Organizations: A Competency Framework for Measuring Behaviors

High-reliability organizations (HROs) have emerged across a number of highly technical, and increasingly automated industries (e.g., aviation, medicine, nuclear power, and oil field services). HROs incorporate complex systems with a large number of employees working in dynamic, and potentially dangerous environments. Effectively managing contingencies in HROs, to simultaneously promote safe and efficient behaviors is a daunting task. Crew Resource Management (CRM) has emerged in HROs as a highly effective approach to training and sustaining essential skills within work teams operating across a large workforce. CRM provides a competency framework that enables adherence to standard work instructions while, at the same time, encourages adaptive variance in responding to effectively manage current environmental circumstances that depart from normal routines. This paper considers the development of CRM across several high-reliability industries, develops a behavior analytic account of CRM behaviors, and describes an approach to measuring behaviors within simulated and actual work environments.     

Ice‐Breaker vs. Standalone: Comparing Alternative Workflow Modes of Mid‐level Care Providers

Capitalizing on the operational concept of division‐of‐labor, clinics often reduce physician service time by off‐loading some of his/her clinical activities to lower‐cost personnel. These personnel, such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants, are often collectively referred to as “mid‐level providers” (MLPs) and can perform many patient‐consultation tasks. The common rationale is that using an MLP allows the physician to serve more patients, increase patients’ access to care, and, due to MLPs’ lower salaries, improve the clinic's financial performance. An MLP is typically integrated into the outpatient clinic process in one of two modes: as an “ice‐breaker,” seeing each patient before the physician, or as a “standalone” provider, a substitute for the physician for the entirety of some patients’ visits. Despite both of these modes being widely used in practice, we find no research that identifies the circumstances under which either one is preferable. This study examines these two modes’ effects on operational performance, such as patient flow and throughput, as well as on financial measures. Using queueing and bottleneck analysis, discrete‐event simulation, and profit modeling, we compare these two deployment modes and identify the optimal policies for deploying MLPs as either ice‐breakers or as standalone providers. Interestingly, we also find there exists a range of scenarios where not hiring an MLP at all (i.e., the physician works alone) is likely to be most profitable for the clinic. Implications for practice are discussed.     

Who should care for our kids? The effects of infant child care on early child development

This paper examines the relationship between various types of child care during the first year of a child's life and the child's language and social development measured at age three. A unique contribution of the paper is the estimation of a general selection-correction model that accounts for non-random selection of children into different types of child care. The analysis uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a birth cohort of children born to predominantly low-income single mothers. The results indicate that compared with maternal care, relative care during infancy has more beneficial effects on a child's language development, while day care centers have more beneficial effects on a child's behavioral development.     

行为科学理论与高校德育教育

大学生思想政治教育是复杂的系统工程，如何做好这个系统工程，提高思想政治教育的针对性、实效性、吸引力、感染力?将企业组织管理中普遍运用的行为科学理论引入高校德育教育工作，可改进和完善高校德育教育思路和方式方法。文章运用行为科学理论分析影响大学生行为的因素后，建议：(1)运用个性心理与行为理论，恰当地使用知觉效应、归因理论，做好学生思想工作。加强学生行为的引导和控制，避免学生陷入习得无助的误区。(2)营造良好环境，特别是以先进的校园文化熏陶学生，正确评价社会时尚对大学生的影响，因势利导，提高大学生对社会时尚的分析鉴别能力。(3)充分运用各种激励理论，激励学生进取动机和成就需要。     

深沪股市指数月运周期效应实证分析

采用沪、深两市主要指数为样本,在控制其他季节性效应后,发现我国证券市场满月阶段的收益显著高于新月阶段,满月与新月阶段的收益差幅度也较大。这一证据与广泛接受的月运周期影响人类行为的信念是一致的,而且以上结论也难以用完全理性的价格行为来解释。     

新加坡汇率制度分析及其前景

新加坡是一个小型开放的经济体，它采用有管理的浮动汇率制作为货币政策的中心。本文分析了新加坡汇率制度的历史演变、制度框架以及发展前景，着重分析了新加坡有管理的浮动汇率制的基本框架、运行机制、现实基础、利弊以及实际运行效果。     

我国股市对盈利信息反应的进一步检验

本文选取盈利信息作为反应事件,检验我国股票市场对盈利信息是否存在过度反应现象。结合中国股市的发展阶段和特征考虑投资者的心理感觉,根据平均每股收益的高低来划分投资者心目中的赢输家组合,考察组合在年报公布后三年内的累计超额收益,发现两组合的长期收益出现反转,我国股市对盈利信息存在明显的过度反应现象。此外考察了不同行业股票的过度反应情况,发现高成长、高风险行业股票的过度反应程度并不比传统行业股票强。最后,通过构造套利组合来检验赢输家组合的风险差异,得出过度反应现象主要不是风险差异造成的结论。     

亚文化视角中的腐败成因初探

腐败的成因包括主客观两个方面。从主观上看 ,不仅应考虑当事人利益最大化的理性选择 ,至少还应考虑行动的逻辑理性对当事人的制约。从客观上看 ,不仅应考虑宏观社会环境的影响 ,也应考虑特定文化氛围的制约。腐败、灰色腐败以及干部不正之风的成因 ,在亚文化视角中存在着共性。抑制其消极功能最基本的途径是深化改革     

Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Treatment Outcome Research

Few studies have evaluated the comparative efficacy, effectiveness and mode of action of specific treatment interventions, or developed evidence-based best-practice management guidelines for the treatment of problem gambling. While individual and multi-modal programmes demonstrate positive results, systematic well-designed randomised controlled studies incorporating follow-up blind assessments and standardised diagnostic and outcome measures are needed to establish long-term outcomes.