Child Safety in Grocery Stores: The Impact of Verbal Prompts and Reinforcement on Safety Strap Use in Shopping Carts

Head and face injuries requiring a hospital visit are a consistent problem for young children shopping with their caregivers. Falls from shopping carts are the most common cause of such injuries. Using a reversal design with a 2-month follow-up, research assistants verbally prompted caregivers with small children seated in a shopping cart to put a safety strap on their child when entering a grocery store. Compliance resulted in the child receiving a gold star sticker. The sticker was used to identify participants for subsequent data collection when exiting the store. Verbal prompts and stickers increased safety belt use, and most children (95%) remained strapped in during their entire visit. A 2-month follow-up showed the effects to be short lived.     

Health and Cultural Determinants of Voluntary HIV Testing and Counseling Among Middle-Aged and Older Latina Women

The rate of cases of HIV/AIDS in older people is increasing; indeed one out of every four people with HIV/AIDS is over age 50. This study describes the correlates of HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) using structural equation modeling techniques for a sample of 135 middle-aged and middle-aged and older Latinas in South Florida. Over 60% of participants had been tested for HIV. Provider endorsement was found to be the strongest predictor of VCT (odds ratio [OR] = 6. 38), followed by having a clinic as a regular source of healthcare (OR = 3.88). Social work implications are provided.     

劳教事由类型研究——基于劳教案件的实证分析

十八届三中全会明确提出废止劳教制度后,对于轻微违法行为的惩治和矫正法律制度的构建问题已成学界热点。我国1991—2012年间的劳教案例的数据分析表明,实践中的劳教制度虽然适用范围不断扩大,功能亦由最初的矫治为主向惩罚为主异化,但劳教制度在惩戒、教育矫治、维护社会治安方面的作用明显。因此,后劳教时代立法宜延续劳教制度的基础功能,并把握好教育矫治和惩罚违法之间的度。     

农超对接下行为主体的进化博弈分析

农超对接是一种新型农产品供应链管理模式,有利于实现多方共赢,其成功的关键在于参与各方力量的均衡发展。本文通过建立农超对接下农民专业合作社形成中农户和农户的进化博弈模型以及农民专业合作社和超市的进化博弈模型,求解进化博弈的稳定策略解,得出如下研究结论,政府对制度的设计和安排能极大改变农超对接下行为主体的行为,为了实现农超顺利对接,政府在加大对农民专业合作社扶持力度的同时,要制定相关政策来约束和激励行为主体积极参与农超对接。     

Beyond Information Sharing: An Empirical Analysis of Vendor‐Managed Inventory

Using a unique, item‐level data set, we examined benefits to downstream firms (distributors) from the decision‐transfer component of vendor‐managed inventory (VMI), the feature that distinguishes VMI from other information‐sharing, collaborative supply chain programs. Our major findings are that the decision‐transfer component of VMI adds significant benefits to the downstream firm in terms of inventory and stockout reductions above and beyond information sharing, and that these two benefits may be realized at different times following VMI implementation; that is, inventory reduction, initially, may be the major benefit to distributors from VMI, while the benefits of stockout reduction may more likely be realized after the first year of implementation. In addition, VMI provides benefits to the upstream firm (manufacturer) by reducing the downstream firm's inventory variability, a likely contributor to the bullwhip effect. Based on our empirical analysis, the decision‐transfer component of VMI, on average, reduces inventory levels by 7%, stockouts by 31%, and inventory variability by 9%.     

Supply Chain Contract Design: Impact of Bounded Rationality and Individual Heterogeneity

In this article, we model various forms of non‐optimizing behavior in a newsvendor setting, including biases such as recency, reinforcement, demand chasing, and anchoring, as well as unsystematic decision errors. We assume that a newsvendor may evaluate decisions by examining both past outcomes and future expected payoffs. Our model is motivated by laboratory observations under several types of supply chain contracts. Ordering decisions are found to follow multi‐modal distributions that are dependent on contract structures and incentives. We differ from previous research by using statistics to determine which behavioral factors are applicable to each decision maker. A great deal of heterogeneity was discovered, indicating the importance of calibrating a contract to the individual. Our analysis also shows that the profit performance and the effectiveness of co‐ordinating contracts can be affected by non‐optimizing behaviors significantly. We conclude that, in addition to the aggregate order quantities, the decision distributions should be considered in designing contracts.     

浅谈国企改革中的法人治理结构

法人治理结构是公司制的核心 ,其实质是所有权与经营权的分离。然而这种委托代理关系却极易出现扭曲。目前 ,我国法人治理结构的市场效能由于一些原因无法正常发挥 ,因此 ,必须深化改革 ,规范公司法人治理结构     

Unaffordable healthcare amid phenomenal growth: the case of healthcare protection in reform China

This article provides an up-to-date assessment of China's reformed urban healthcare system. It illustrates that, in the Chinese case, economic growth does not automatically bring equitable healthcare protection; policy and system designs are also important. The article finds that the reformed urban healthcare system is financially sustainable, but that individual citizens contribute the largest share of healthcare costs, whilst the state is reducing its financial commitment. It also reports the views of two principal stakeholder groups. The survey findings indicate the endorsement of an old ethos for a strong state in healthcare protection. But a substantial minority view is also unveiled, which supports access to healthcare on the basis of insurance contributions. In sum, affordability remains a critical issue for the Chinese despite the fact that they have a new healthcare system and a strong economy.