历史视野下人工智能流派与知识产权法的关系

人工智能的流派大体上可分为符号主义、联结主义和行为主义,它们在历史上与知识产权法各自存在相应的联系.20世纪50年代开始的符号主义人工智能以符号化的知识表征和逻辑推理为主要特点,客观上为知识产权法统一本质的概括提供了新的理论,并可以进行知识产权法专家系统的建构.20世纪80年代兴起的联结主义人工智能以模拟人脑的神经网络和学习过程为主要特点,与知识产权法具有共同的"鼓励学习"宗旨,又在专利客体、创造性审查、创新本质界定和法律伦理等方面提出了挑战.与互联网联系更加密切的行为主义人工智能强调智能行为是适应周围环境的进化行为,其契合了网络时代知识产权立法一定程度的"行为规制"转向,也对相关主体的权利博弈、保护对象的进化升级、智能交互行为的法律规制等带来了挑战.不同流派的人工智能既是知识产权法的调整对象又是其完善工具,它们应当彼此进行深度融合.     

Revenue and Cost Management for Remanufactured Products

This paper considers pricing and remanufacturing strategy of a firm that decides to offer both new and remanufactured versions of its product in the market and is concerned with demand cannibalization. We present a model of demand cannibalization and a behavioral study that estimates a key modeling parameter: a fraction of consumers who switch from new to remanufactured product. As we show, this fraction has an inverted‐U shape, and, thus, the underlying consumer behavior cannot be modeled using the standard methodologies that rely on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). We find that by incorporating the inverted‐U‐shaped consumer behavior, the firm remanufactures under broader conditions, charges a much lower price, and typically remanufactures more units—leading to an increase of profits from remanufacturing by up to a factor of two as compared with making decisions based on the WTP only. Lastly, we find that the behavior of the low‐price market segment plays an important role because the firm reacts to it differently than the WTP‐based logic would suggest.