Participation of Mentally Disabled Persons in Experimental Research

Abstract

The need for persons adjudged incompetent is sometimes crucial to performing necessary research. However, this is a complicated proposition since the rights of mentally challenged persons must be protected. There is an acknowledged need to balance the objective requirements of scientific research with the rights and concerns of those who are the subjects of experimentation. This article discusses the role of social workers concerning the participation of mentally challenged persons in experimental research.     

Chapter 7: Johns Hopkins University

SUMMARY

This article discusses the need for integration between different models of mental health, as seen through a “diary” of the events in a typical week of EAP supervision. Clinical and supervisory examples are offered as an example of integrating perspectives in the clinical setting. The overall process of integration in a clinical setting is discussed from both a philosophical and psychoanalytic perspective, and several examples of integration are related for the sake of discussion. Complementarity is invoked as a central theme of key importance for integration.     

Unemployment and psychological distress among young adults in the Nordic countries: A review of the literature

This article reviews Nordic research, published from 1995 and onwards, on the relationship between unemployment and mental health among young adults. Cross‐sectional, longitudinal and time‐series studies are included. Cross‐sectional studies show that the unemployed experience more mental health problems than the non‐unemployed. Leaving unemployment is associated with increased well‐being. Economic problems, feelings of shame and poor social support increase the likelihood of psychological distress. The longitudinal studies show that unemployment increases the risk of psychological distress and attempted suicide, after initial mental health status and confounding factors are accounted for. The relationship remains significant when time‐invariant characteristics of the individuals are controlled for. The time‐series studies found no relationship between unemployment and suicide, but levels of psychological distress were found to vary with changes in the labour market. This relationship remained significant after excluding the non‐employed, indicating that unemployment trends have effects beyond those directly associated with unemployment.     

市场经济对政府治理能力的影响及对策建议

市场经济对我国政府治理能力提出了更高的要求,转变治理模式,实现治理的现代化是全面深化改革的目标。目前我国政府治理面临着很多挑战,只有使政府治理适应市场经济发展的要求,不断加强政府治理能力建设,才能促进我国国民经济和社会进一步发展。     

认知、语言交际与译者心智模型

翻译的过程是人类所经历并体验的复杂心智过程,涉及到社会文化、心理认知、情绪取向和意识状态等众多因素。从心智模型的视角来研究翻译过程,是认知科学的研究成果“心智模型”应用于翻译研究的一个全新且有生命力的尝试。翻译过程中的意义传送必定通过译者心智模型密切地关联和过滤。译者的心智模型在很大程度上助益或影响了译者对于原作语言形式的体验及其意义的表征推理以及其在目的语中意义及语言的选择和表述,从而决定了译文的语言风格及意义色彩。     

Application of an organizational evaluation capacity self-assessment instrument to different organizations: Similarities and lessons learned

Organizational evaluation capacity (EC) has received significant attention in the evaluation research literature in the past decade. Much of the focus has been on defining organizational evaluation capacity, which can be thought of as the competencies and structures required to conduct high-quality evaluation studies (capacity to do), as well as the organization's ability to integrate evaluation findings into its decision-making processes (capacity to use). This paper seeks to contribute to this growing body of knowledge through a multiple case study of EC across three different organizations (e.g., non-profit, provincial government and federal government, herein named sectors); the novelty of this particular study is that each case study is based on the use of a common measurement tool developed by Bourgeois, Toews, Whynot and Lamarche (2013). The cross-case analysis presented in the paper reveals that evaluation capacity tends to be higher, both in terms of capacity to do and capacity to use, in organizations that have developed systematic mechanisms to institute an evaluation culture within their walls. Interestingly, however, we also found that capacity to use does not first require capacity to do, as evidenced in the non-profit organization under study.     

The blurred edges of intellectual disability

The label of ‘intellectual disability’ can be a very blurred concept, because for those on the borders their label often arises from the interaction of the individual with their environment, from their socio-economic status, and from the social role which they choose to undertake. This paper explores the contested notion of intellectual disability in the context of people who have been in trouble with the law in England, and contrasts their situation with that of people who have been protected by best interests decisions under the Mental Capacity Act (England and Wales). People who are on the ‘borderline’ of having an intellectual disability, like any citizens, have a range of intersecting identities. Drawing on the notions of ‘interactional’ disability theory, we reflect on the shifting, relative nature of intellectual disability, and the need for the law to focus on support needs, rather than on impairment.     

The Coalition,austerity and mental health

In the United Kingdom, the Coalition government’s recent commitment to improving mental health provision masks the extent that their policies of austerity have already brought harm to those same services. Government-driven policies have led to significantly reduced funding within mental health, increasing pressure on a system that was already chronically under-resourced. Further, people who are experiencing mental distress, and mental health service users, have been especially vulnerable to the harms of the current austerity programme, including being at the sharp end of the assault on public services and welfare spending. This piece discusses the impact of austerity, exploring the effects of government policies and with a critical perspective of the dominant discourses around mental health. It argues that by exacerbating social inequality, government policies are also directly leading to worsening mental health in the United Kingdom.     

Intimate Partner Violence and Social Relational Theory: Examining the Influence of Children and Important Others on Mothers' Transition Out of Violent Relationships

Interviews with survivors of intimate partner violence were conducted to gain information on the transition from violent relationships to new non‐violent relationships. A subset of this data was re‐analysed using Social Relational Theory to gain further insight into the roles of children and important others who were identified as impacting this transition for mothers who had exited violent relationships. This paper reviews two major themes discovered during the SRT analysis that were inherent in the women's experiences: (i) agency of children, family, peers and community and (ii) power. In addition, this paper suggests implications for research, intervention and psychotherapeutic practice.     

产能有限和无限两类环境下销售商的预售策略研究

预售策略是销售商允许消费者在产品正式销售期之前提前购买产品的一种销售策略,越来越普遍的被销售商所采用。销售商预售行为的出现,主要是由消费者对产品估价的不确定性引起的。文章主要研究在产品生产能力有限的环境下销售商的预售策略,将生产能力有限和无限两种情况下销售商的预售策略进行了对比,从而得出了两种情况下预售价格、产量以及销售上利润的变化情况,并研究了市场环境的变化对销售商预售策略的影响。研究结果表明：在生产能力无限制的情况下,销售商总是要折价预售;而在生产能力有限且生产成本不是很高的情况下产品的预售价格会高于正式销售期的定价。