建立外来农民工最低生活保障制度的可行性分析

虽然近年来政府越发地重视农民工的社会保障问题,但是缺乏外来农民工最低生活保障制度,同时,农民工的贫困问题不容忽略。如果政府不采取措施,将对城市产生消极影响。本文深入分析建立外来农民工低保制度的必要性和可行性,并对这个制度的运行提出了自己的设想。     

完善我国城市居民最低生活保障制度的思考

最低生活保障制度(以下简称低保),是社会保障体系中社会救助制度的一个组成部分,是维护社会稳定、保障人民基本生活的最后一道“防护网”。文章简要介绍了我国城市居民最低生活保障制度的现状,分析了当前低保制度存在的问题及产生的弊端,提出了一些措施。     

最低收购价政策对我国稻谷市场价格预期的影响研究

稻谷最低收购价是我国粮食价格支持政策的重要措施。2004年以来，政策实施的基本目标围绕稳定国内粮食生产、保障国内粮食安全展开，其关键在于把握最低收购价格形成的市场预期效应。基于早、中、晚籼稻和粳稻的省级数据，采用面板估计方法分析稻谷最低收购价格在不同区域和时期对其市场价格预期的影响。研究发现：（1）无论在非政策执行区，还是政策执行区的非执行期内，稻谷最低收购价均有助于形成积极的市场预期，但其影响在非执行区弱于前1期市场价格的影响，而在执行区强于前1期市场价格的影响。（2）在政策执行区的执行期内，基于最低收购价格的托市效应，前1期市场价格对预期的价格差额（市场价格与最低收购价的预期差额）具有正向影响，最低收购价格则呈负向影响。因此，最低收购价格政策的改革应围绕政策执行目标充分考虑未来政策改革对市场预期的冲击。     

Smaller net or just fewer to catch? Disentangling the causes for the varying sizes of minimum income schemes

The number of social assistance recipients varies significantly between welfare states. Social assistance is a last-resort residual benefit, so a high number of receipts may be related to policies for first-tier benefits, social assistance and their implementation, as well as need factors (unemployment rate and low income). Considering the strong political will to diminish the receipt of last-resort benefits, we demonstrated a way to decompose the reasons for eligibility in a cross-national analysis of two Nordic countries, namely Finland and Sweden. By using administrative register microdata, eligibility simulations and policy swaps, we found that the legislative features of social assistance, such as more extensive benefit norms and earning disregard, contribute to Finland's higher eligibility rate and likely explain some of the reasons for its higher number of recipients. Finland also exhibited lower non-take-up rates among those eligible, which implies better access to benefits than in Sweden.     

Informing employees in small and medium-sized firms about training: Results of a randomized field experiment

We mailed brochures to 10,000 randomly chosen employed German workers who were eligible for a subsidized occupational training program called WeGebAU, informing them about the importance of skills-upgrading training in general and about WeGebAU in particular. Using survey and register data, we estimate effects of the informational brochure on awareness of the program, on take-up of WeGebAU and other training, and on subsequent employment. The brochure more than doubles awareness of the program. There are no effects on WeGebAU take-up, but participation in other (unsubsidized) training increases among employees aged under 45. Short-term labor market outcomes are not affected.     

A model-averaging treatment of multiple instruments in Poisson models with errors

We analyze Poisson regression when covariates contain measurement errors and when multiple potential instrumental variables are available. Without empirical knowledge to select the most suitable variable as an instrument, we propose a novel model-averaging approach to resolve this issue. We prescribe an implementation and establish its optimality in terms of minimizing prediction risk. We further show that, as long as one model is correctly specified among all potential instrumental variable models, our method will lead to consistent prediction. The performance of our method is illustrated through simulations and a movie sales example.     

人工智能技术与劳动力迁出决策——来自全国流动人口动态监测调查的经验证据

以人工智能为核心的新兴技术革命正不断渗透我国劳动力市场，微观劳动力个体面临地区智能化技术冲击时的迁出决策是关乎区域经济高质量发展的重要现实性问题。利用网络爬虫方法获取的城市层面人工智能专利数据，结合2014—2018年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据，实证考察了人工智能技术对劳动力迁出决策的影响。研究结果表明，人工智能技术会显著提高劳动力迁出决策的概率。机制分析表明，人工智能技术会通过减少就业机会和降低工资收入水平两种传导路径引发劳动力迁出决策。进一步分析表明，人工智能技术主要偏向引致中低技能、从事常规性职业、过往迁移时间较短、农业户口和非国有企业劳动力迁出。因此，政府应着力加强劳动力权益保护和再就业，积极开展劳动力职业培训，减少技术性失业诱发的劳动力外流。     

Should responder analyses be conducted on continuous outcomes?

Continuous outcomes are often dichotomized to classify trial subjects as responders or nonresponders, with the difference in rates of response between treatment and control defined as the “responder effect.” In this article, we caution that dichotomization of continuous interval outcomes may not be best practice. Defining clinical benefit or harm for continuous interval outcomes as the difference between the means of treatment and control, that is, the “continuous treatment effect,” we examine the case where treatment and control outcomes are normally distributed and differ only in location. For this case, continuous treatment effects may be considered clinically relevant if they exceed a prespecified minimum clinically important difference. In contrast, using minimum clinically important differences as dichotomization thresholds will not ensure clinically relevant responder effects. For example, in some situations, increasing the threshold may actually relax the criterion for effectiveness by increasing the calculated responder effect. Using responder effects to quantitatively assess benefit or risk of investigational drugs for continuous interval outcomes presents interpretational challenges. In particular, when the dichotomization threshold is halfway between the treatment and control outcome means, the responder effect is at a maximum with a magnitude monotonically related to the number of standard deviations between the mean outcomes of treatment and control. Large responder effect benefits may therefore reflect clinically unimportant continuous treatment effects amplified by small standard deviations, and small responder effect risks may reflect either clinically important continuous treatment effects minimized by large standard deviations, or selection of a dichotomization threshold not providing maximum responder effect.