论电视民生新闻负面报道失当的危害

由于报道量、报道方式、编排形式等因素所导致的电视民生新闻中负面报道失当的问题日益突出,这往往会误导受众和新闻报料人,产生负面报道通胀效应并破坏收视情绪。媒介从业人员应树立正确的新闻价值观,坚持正确的舆论导向,使负面报道产生正面的社会效应。     

瑞士科研不端治理机制及启示

瑞士的科研不端治理模式是以科学界自我管理为主导的单层管理模式,科研资助机构与科研承担机构根据自身的具体情况制定相应的规章制度,并成立独立的执行机构对本部门的科研不端事件展开调查。其中,国家科技基金会的做法是在借鉴国际标准与德国经验以及瑞士科学院做法的基础上形成的,对全国的大学和科研机构具有引导和示范作用。瑞士科学院在治理科研不端问题上强调基层自治、程序的客观性与独立性、程序流程的层次性与动态性等特征对我国具有启示意义。     

学术不端行为防范机制的构建

学术不端行为违反学术规范,浪费学术资源,损害学术共同体的利益,侵蚀着学术事业的健康发展。学术不端行为的产生有学者自身、学术管理与评价、学术法规等多种因素。防范学术不端,必须加强学术诚信教育和诚信制度建设,淡化学术管理中的行政化色彩,建设科学合理的学术评价体系,建立健全学术不端问责制度,从而构建起集教育、预防、监督和惩治于一体的学术不端防范机制。     

Exposing School Employee Sexual Abuse and Misconduct: Shedding Light on a Sensitive Issue

ABSTRACT

While the media continue to report incidents of school employee sexual misconduct, few empirical studies focus on this issue. To address this gap in the literature, expand knowledge and awareness around the problem, and inform future research and programs, this research intends to document and analyze the characteristics of school employee sexual misconduct cases reported in the media. The authors conducted a landscape analysis of 361 published school employee sexual misconduct cases in the United States from 2014, documenting factors such as offender and victim characteristics, type of incident, technology use, location of offense, and resulting disciplinary actions by schools and law enforcement. These analyses showed that offenders were most often male and general education teachers, with approximately a quarter identified as athletic coaches. Offenders’ average age was 36 years, while the average age of victims was 15. More than half of incidents took place at school or school-related events. Results also showed that school employee sexual misconduct incidents most often involved physical contact; however, technology (i.e., cell phones, computers, cameras/video recorders, and storage devices) played an important role in three out of four cases. Finally, analyses of the criminal and school-related consequences showed that over half of offenders were placed on administrative leave or resigned immediately following their arrest and almost all were convicted of their crimes. Additional findings concerning this topic are also reported in this article.     

The Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse in the School Environment in Turkey

School may represent a protective factor, boosting the mental health of the student body, while also representing a risk factor that heightens the potential for mental health problems. The present study aims to identify the individual and familial characteristics associated with the incidents of child sexual abuse (CSA) in Turkey’s school environment. The incidents involving school-related CSA constituted 5.6% (N = 125) of 2,238 cases. The following was discovered: an adult committed the majority (64%) of CSA in the school environment; most adult perpetrators were teachers (62.5%). This study determined that the perpetrators manipulated the victims via methods that included physical abuse (11.2%), threats (19.2%), tricks/deception (15.2%), and taking photographs/videos with sexual content (3.2%); and CSA incidents involved intercourse (15.2%); and almost three-quarter of the victims of CSA in the school environment reported the incident late. This study indicates that peer perpetrators abuse younger victims and a greater proportion of male victims relative to adult perpetrators. In light of these findings, school security must be improved, especially in public schools, and trainings aimed at preventing bullying and sexual abuse (SA) should be given to all school staff, students, and parents.     

What is Recklessness in Scientific Research? The Frank Sauer Case

On May 22, 2017, administrative law Judge Leslie Rogall of the Department of Health and Human Services’ Departmental Appeals Board, Civil Remedies Division, ruled in favor of the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) concerning its decision to charge former University of California at Riverside biochemistry professor Frank Sauer with research misconduct for fabricating or falsifying digital image data included in three papers and seven grant applications submitted to the National Institutes of Health. More specifically, Sauer was deemed responsible for manipulating, reusing, and falsely labeling images of autoradiograms and gels in his research in epigenetics. One month after this decision, ORI announced its final ruling concerning Sauer, which barred him from serving in any advisory capacity to the Public Health Services and required him to retract affected papers. The case raises some interesting and important questions concerning research integrity because it focused on the legal issue of what constitutes recklessness in scientific research.     

科研不端行为的刑法规制

刑事立法的漏洞在所难免,实现科研不端行为的刑法规制不能坐等刑事立法的完善。依托现有立法资源,加强刑法解释工作,才是科研不端行为刑法规制的最现实途径。但并非所有的科研不端行为都能经由刑法解释的办法得以规制,因此,对那些不能经由刑法解释工作予以规制的科研不端行为应适时弥补立法漏洞,严密刑事法网。科学共同体不能成为刑事司法的＂特区＂,实现科研不端行为的刑法规制,当下最为重要的是坚持刑法基本原则,做到平等适用刑法。     

我国科研不端行为惩戒制度缺失论析

我国科研不端行为惩戒制度存在的主要问题是惩戒制度没有遵循平衡的理念;科研不端行为界定不统一、构成要件欠缺、没有区分道德和法律两个规则体系中相同用语的不同含义;缺少对惩戒组织相互配合协作、相互监督制衡及案件管辖的规定;缺少统一的正当的科研不端行为惩戒程序;惩戒责任的立法没有搞清法律主体之间的不同法律关系;应该建立具有法定效力的科研人员行政申诉制度并对科研不端行为人予以司法救济。未来的科研不端行为惩戒立法应该以国务院制定专门的《科研诚信监督管理条例》为重点,构建行政法律、民事法律、刑事法律为一体,与科研共同体的内部规范相协调的惩戒规则体系。     

美国防范科研不端行为的顶层与专门监管机制

除了美国国会和司法部门的相应对策以外,在白宫科技政策办公室(OSTP)-国家科学技术委员会(NSTC)-总统科技顾问委员会(PCAST)等总统行政机构的统一协调下,美国防范科研不端行为的顶层监管机制主要由联邦政府和非政府部门的分工与互补机制构成;以卫生部ORI为主与以政府各部门OIG为辅形成了美国防范科研不端行为的专门监管机制。尽管这两种监管机制并非完美,但其顶层监管机制的权威性与统一性、协调性与互补性,以及专门监管机制的独立性与透明性、公平性与效率性,却既独具特色又值得效仿。     

科研不端行为的法律分析及防控机制的构建

科研不端行为是指违反科学共同体公认的科研行为准则的行为。文章在论述科研不端行为属"法律问题"性质的同时对其表现形式进行了概括。对科研不端行为的形成从利益、道德、制度等方面进行了分析,以期找寻出产生科研不端行为的根本原因。通过对产生科研不端行为原因的分析,从借鉴国外先进经验和完善国内相关制度入手,对如何防控科研不端行为进行了制度上的思考。