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161.
National human resource development (NHRD) is now an important area of investigation within human resource development with significant growth in publications over 49 years. Scholars have, however, highlighted the need for multilevel approaches to NHRD. We reviewed 192 papers to identify gaps on multilevel theorizing, and we propose a multilevel framework incorporating macro, meso, and micro levels of analysis. We develop principles and guidelines around WHAT, HOW, WHERE, WHEN, and WHY questions to promote multilevel NHRD research. Finally, we discuss research and methodological implications of our review.  相似文献   
162.
This study examines the identity transition of women when they become mothers and return to work. Twenty‐two first‐time mothers were interviewed at two points in time: just after giving birth and on re‐entry into employment after maternity leave. The findings suggest that this transition is influenced by multiple factors on different levels which include individual factors, such as partner support and career aspirations, organizational factors such as family‐friendly work practices and role models, and societal factors such as social norms and attitudes towards the maternal body. The findings highlight the importance of context by stressing the interrelated nature of factors on the micro‐, meso‐ and macro‐level in order to better understand the identity transition to motherhood.  相似文献   
163.
Guided by ecological, work–family spillover and crossover frameworks, this study examined mechanisms linking parental work travel (i.e. nights per year) to youth adjustment (i.e. externalizing and internalizing behaviours) through youth’s perceptions of parenting (i.e. knowledge, solicitation) with traveller and youth gender as moderators in a sample of 78 children in 44 two-parent families residing in the United States. The findings from multilevel analyses suggested that mothers’ travel nights predicted lower levels of maternal knowledge, with variation by traveller and youth gender. Mothers’ and fathers’ work travel and perceived parenting were predictors of youth’s externalizing behaviours, whereas only fathers’ work travel and perceived parenting were predictors of youth’s internalizing behaviours. Tests of indirect effects indicated that maternal work travel linked to youth’s externalizing behaviours through youth’s perceptions of maternal knowledge. These findings add to our limited understanding of work–family issues for parents who have the unique work demand of frequently travelling.  相似文献   
164.
Multilevel Models in the Study of Dynamic Household Structures   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A modelling procedure is proposed for complex, dynamic household data structures where households change composition over time. Multilevel multiple membership models are presented for such data and their application is discussed with an example.  相似文献   
165.
提出了将Turbo码运用于多级调制的码设计和多步译码方法。根据信息理论,将每级Turbo码设计出不同码率,使低层码具有较高的纠错能力,而高层码具有较高的传输信息能力,从而提高系统传输率。对Turbo码多级调制的误码性能进行了分析,得出误码率计算公式,并对Turbo码调制方案进行了仿真,证明了结论的正确性。  相似文献   
166.
Summary This paper presents a selective survey on panel data methods. The focus is on new developments. In particular, linear multilevel models, specific nonlinear, nonparametric and semiparametric models are at the center of the survey. In contrast to linear models there do not exist unified methods for nonlinear approaches. In this case conditional maximum likelihood methods dominate for fixed effects models. Under random effects assumptions it is sometimes possible to employ conventional maximum likelihood methods using Gaussian quadrature to reduce a T-dimensional integral. Alternatives are generalized methods of moments and simulated estimators. If the nonlinear function is not exactly known, nonparametric or semiparametric methods should be preferred. Helpful comments and suggestions from an unknown referee are gratefully acknowledged.  相似文献   
167.
The current study examined within‐person (transitions in living situation and parent status) and between‐persons (age, gender, parent education) predictors of trajectories of depressive and angry symptoms in 577 university graduates (ages 20 to 29) tracked for 7 years. Multilevel models determined that depressive and angry symptoms declined on average. Depressive symptoms were associated with leaving home when younger and living with parents when older. Becoming a parent was associated with increased anger, especially in mothers. These results were obtained after controlling for the effects of marriage and unemployment. Leaving home and parenthood may be turning points that are associated with shifts in trajectories of well‐being, depending on stable characteristics such as age and gender.  相似文献   
168.
Count data with excess zeros often occurs in areas such as public health, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, engineering, and agriculture. Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression are useful for modeling such data, but because of hierarchical study design or the data collection procedure, zero-inflation and correlation may occur simultaneously. To overcome these challenges ZIP or ZINB may still be used. In this paper, multilevel ZINB regression is used to overcome these problems. The method of parameter estimation is an expectation-maximization algorithm in conjunction with the penalized likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood estimates for variance components. Alternative modeling strategies, namely the ZIP distribution are also considered. An application of the proposed model is shown on decayed, missing, and filled teeth of children aged 12 years old.  相似文献   
169.
刘米娜 《兰州学刊》2009,(5):114-119
近年来,随着住房改革的日益深入,住房产权在社会分层中占有越来越重要的地位。但与其他经济指标一样.过往研究往往忽视其区域的差异性,然而这种经验结果是失之偏颇的。文章采用CGSS(2003)数据结合多层次模型分析方法探讨区域差异下住房产权的影响因素。研究发现:在区域差异前提下,中国转型期居民住房产权选择的变化是多种因素和机制共同作用的结果,而区域差异在一定程度上是由各个区域市场化程度差异影响的。  相似文献   
170.
Public opinion is considered a major obstacle to changing the status quo of welfare state policies. Yet some far‐reaching reforms and gradual changes of European welfare states prompt the reverse question: Have increased reform pressures and restructuring efforts led to changes in individual attitudes? In line with previous research, I found that the strong support for a public provision of healthcare remains unchanged. But what about the structure of attitudes? Testing core assumptions of the new politics theory and power resources theory, I looked at conflict lines within society and how they change in times of retrenchment. Analysing individual attitudes in 14 European countries between 1996 and 2002, I moved beyond static comparisons across countries to provide a dynamic account of trends over time. Observing stability, not change, I found no evidence that the relevance of old cleavages is in decline. Both old and new cleavages shape individual attitudes.  相似文献   
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