Notes on two sample tests for partially correlated (paired) data

We provide several methods to compare two Gaussian distributed means in the two sample location problems under the assumption of partially dependent observations. Simulation studies indicate that our test procedure is frequently more powerful than other methods depending on the ratio of the unpaired data and the strength and direction of the correlation between the two variables. The tests used in our comparative study are illustrated with an example based on data from a small gynecological study.     

卢曼社会系统理论视域下的翻译与翻译研究

卢曼是德国当代最富创见的社会学家之一,他的社会系统理论为翻译研究提供了丰富的概念工具和独特的理论视角,受到众多西方翻译学者的关注。根据卢曼的社会系统理论,翻译可视为一个社会系统,翻译系统的自体创生性、翻译过程的复杂性和偶然性、翻译的二阶观察及其反身性的探讨,有助于从社会学的视角给翻译和翻译研究带来新的启示。     

A simple,doubly robust,efficient estimator for survival functions using pseudo observations

Survival functions are often estimated by nonparametric estimators such as the Kaplan‐Meier estimator. For valid estimation, proper adjustment for confounding factors is needed when treatment assignment may depend on confounding factors. Inverse probability weighting is a commonly used approach, especially when there is a large number of potential confounders to adjust for. Direct adjustment may also be used if the relationship between the time‐to‐event and all confounders can be modeled. However, either approach requires a correctly specified model for the relationship between confounders and treatment allocation or between confounders and the time‐to‐event. We propose a pseudo‐observation–based doubly robust estimator, which is valid when either the treatment allocation model or the time‐to‐event model is correctly specified and is generally more efficient than the inverse probability weighting approach. The approach can be easily implemented using standard software. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate this approach under a number of scenarios, and the results are presented and discussed. The results confirm robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach. A real data example is also provided for illustration.     

论帛书《五行》篇的“见而知之”与“闻而知之”说

《孟子》有"见而知之"与"闻而知之"说,但语焉不详。早于《孟子》的帛书《五行》对"知"、"之"以及见知与闻知的结果——智、圣进行了全面的界说。"闻而知之"的"之"指"君子道","见而知之"的"之"指"贤人"及贤人之德。"知之"的"知"包括心知与践行,心知强调内心的体验与积极思考,在帛书《五行》中即为"思"。践行是在心知基础上的实践。智、圣既是实践主体认知领悟的能力,又是实践主体经由见知、闻知而形成的德行境界,它们还是天人到德善的转折点,是五行与四行的关键。     

Researching an-'other' minority ethnic community: Reflections of a black female researcher on the intersections of race,gender and other power positions on the research process

There is a dearth of discussion on the methodological dilemmas faced by minority ethnic researchers who research minority ethnic communities of which they are not a part. The paper explores the political and ethical issues involved in a black woman researching South Asian women's lives, analysing the research process, and focusing on issues of choice of research group, access and placing. This paper represents a reflexive account of the research relationships developed in longitudinal qualitative doctoral research between a black (of African descent) postgraduate student and sample of 19 South Asian female student teachers in England and draws on literature of women interviewing women and ethnic or 'race' matched research. The methods employed were documentary analysis, observing meetings, a focus group, two student questionnaires, one-to-one interviews with staff and group and one-to-one interviews with South Asian female student teachers. It is argued that whilst social characteristics such as gender, language, religion and culture are important in determining notions of commonality and difference, a shared experience of racism between the researched and the researcher may affect the research relationship most significantly.     

Observed Infant Reactions During Live Interparental Conflict

Associations between interparental conflict and infant reactions were examined. Infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict and infant reactive temperament were examined as moderators. A community sample of 74 infants, aged 6–14 months, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents' marital conflict and their infants' reactions. Parents reported on their emotional states during conflict, infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict, and infant temperament. Multilevel modeling indicated that infants showed differential responses to marital conflict; destructive and depressive conflict were associated with increased infant discussion attending and negative reactions, whereas constructive conflict was associated with decreased discussion attending and negative reactions. Infants' history of exposure to marital conflict and infant reactive temperament emerged as moderators.     

A Preliminary Examination of the Effects of Observer Presence on Work-Related Behavior in a Simulated Office

The current study evaluated the effects of prolonged observer presence on individuals' work-related behavior within sessions and across sessions. Participants were three undergraduate students who transcribed articles at a computer workstation in a simulated office setting. Overall, participants demonstrated increases and decreases in their work-related behavior in the presence of an observer. The demonstration of spontaneous recovery suggests that those decreases were due to fatigue, not habituation. Although limitations exist in the current study, this study represents an initial step toward examining behavioral habituation in humans to prolonged observer presence. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct analog studies with more participants, and various observer presence schedules, to determine whether performance changes to direct observation are habituation, fatigue, attention-related changes, or some other confound.     

中国外债观察：货币政策值得关注

 本文通过将十年来中国外债余额及变化量与国际收支主要项目的贸易进出口、外商来华直接投资和货币供应量（M2）之间的关系进行量化相关性分析,发现M2与外债的相关性更为明显,而非通常认为的进出口或直接投资,并进而得出需更加关注货币政策与外债之间联系的结论。这对我国外债管理实践提供了一个新的视角和参考。同时,由于目前外债数据披露还不充分,相关研究还有待进一步深化。     

无定向测量附合导线网的数据处理

对工程测量中无定向导线网的平差原理、计算方法作了综合论述,提出了无定向附合导线点坐标求定公式及误差方程式,并对全网平差计算及精度评定进行了分析.建立了运用计算机进行数据处理的模块化功能结构,解决了无定向导线网的平差数据处理问题     

学校本位教学视导模式的实证研究——以兰州市E中学为例

本研究目的在于通过对兰州市E中学施行的学校本位教学视导模式的深入观察,全方位了解学校本位教学视导模式的具体运作方式。以兰州市一所薄弱学校为研究场域,通过课堂观察的方式,全面了解学校为提高办学质量所开展的“学案分组教学法”,及进行学校本位化视导模式的具体运作状态。在兰州市E中学开展学校本位教学视导模式的过程中,学校校长与某大学教育学院课程与教学领域的教授专家参与视导过程。主要采取校长主导,专家参与的合作视导方式,对兰州市E中学初中二年级屈老师数学课进行为期一周的教学观察与记录。实施以学校为本位的合作视导方式,目的在于发现兰州市E中学进行“学案分组教学法”中的具体教学问题,通过大学与中学的合作,开展学校本位视导模式,有效促进教师的专业发展与增强教学有效性,提高学校办学质量。