明清时期徽州宗族对族人的职业控制

明清时期,徽州宗族通过宗族法的制定与执行等途径,对族人的职业规划和职业选择进行积极的干预和控制,要求族人从事士、农、工、商本业,反对族人游手好闲,不务正业,从事贱业或恶业。徽州宗族的职业观具有较强的价值取向,反映了其对族人控制的日益强化。对徽州宗族的职业观,我们应用辩证的眼光来看待。     

机关事业单位养老保险制度改革完善研究

机关事业单位养老保险改革是当前的热点问题.一些地方先后进行了试点改革,方案设计既具有共同点也存在较大差异,但各地改革方案都存在诸多问题.完善机关事业单位养老保险改革,应在明确改革目的的基础上选择合适的措施和方案.我国事业单位养老保险改革不能以降低退休职工待遇水平减轻财政压力为目标,而应以建立统一的职工基本养老保险制度为目标.《试点方案》有利于实现这一目标,但显著地降低了事业单位退休职工的待遇水平,必然遭遇改革的阻力.完善《试点方案》的关键是选择合适的职业年金计划并明确待遇水平.对于机关和全额拨款事业单位,应建立待遇确定型的职业年金,而对于自收自支的事业单位,则应建立缴费确定型的职业年金.同时,应完善相关配套改革.     

浅谈职业生涯规划对大学生自我教育的影响

加强对大学生职业生涯规划的认知教育可激发学生学习的动力,职业生涯规划设计是提升学生就业能力的基础,职业生涯规划的实施可调整学生的心理平衡,大学生职业生涯规划的目标直接决定其就业的职业方向选择。     

An expanded typology of conflict at work: Task,relationship and non-task organizational conflict as social stressors

This study investigated the roles of three types of conflict at work – task, relationship and non-task organizational – in predicting employee strain. These conflict types refer to disputes over issues that are, respectively, work-task specific, driven by emotionally charged interpersonal animosity or rooted in more broad organizationally relevant issues. Findings from a sample of 260 working adults from various organizations in the United States supported the notion that the three types of conflict function as social stressors and are related to a variety of psychological, behavioural and physical strains. They extend previous research based primarily on relationship conflict. Non-task organizational conflict emerged as a key predictor across strain criteria, thus highlighting the importance of including a more complete conceptualization of the conflict construct in social stress research. The results for task conflict are at variance with findings that it can be beneficial, and suggest that its negative relationship with well-being may be due to its co-occurrence with the other forms of conflict. These findings provide support for an expanded typology of conflict.     

从云南农业大学看当代农业院校大学生职业价值观特点及对策

毕业生就业难的原因是多方面的,但最根本的原因之一是大学生职业价值观存在偏差。本文通过对云南农业大学学生职业价值观的实证调查,分析当代农业院校大学生职业价值观的特点,提出教育对策：应有针对性地加强农业院校大学生思想政治教育的力度;提高大学生综合素质,培养出与社会经济发展相适应的人才;强化毕业生就业指导,引导大学生合理职业意向的形成。     

大学生就业指导的深层次思考

大学生就业指导是一项系统工程,就业指导应该从封闭走向开放,既要借鉴国外就业指导的经验,又要根据中国当前具体社会经济发展形势和大学生们的具体情况来进行有针对性的就业指导。特别是通过就业指导来提升其综合素质,首要的是就业道德素质。就业教育应该从长远着眼,就业指导的关口前移,高校与中小学形成有效的互动和就业指导的对接。在小学、中学就要开展适当的就业指导工作。指导大学生要摒弃“先就业,再择业”的想法,安心本职工作。     

我国职业安全卫生法律体系现状调查及问题分析

通过对相关企业当前职业安全卫生法律实施情况的现状的调查可以发现,目前职业安全卫生的法律应用与实际的生产实践还是存在许多的脱节的地方,一线的操作人员在实际工作中在运用法律方面存在许多弊端。所以,要通过制定《职业安全卫生》主体法,修改、完善职业安全卫生法律体系,确立国家职业安全卫生监察管理机构,明确各主体法律地位及法律责任,构建完备的职业安全卫生行政责任、民事责任、刑事责任的法律责任体系来促进我国职业安全卫生法律规范的完善。     

不同职业群体农民生活方式的差异——基于四川省Y镇的调查

改革开放以来,中国农民的职业结构已由单一的传统农业生产转变为由传统农业、乡村管理、外出打工、非农产业构成的多元职业结构。相应的传统农民群体、乡村管理群体、打工群体、非农经营群体在物质消费方式、休闲方式、交往方式等方面虽存在程度不同的浅层和局部差异,但在整体上并未发生深刻变化。而且,大多数职业农民认可劳动收入和生活方式存在的差异,除打工群体外,没有改变现状的强烈要求。     

Risk Estimation and Value-of-Information Analysis for Three Proposed Genetic Screening Programs for Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention

Genetic differences (polymorphisms) among members of a population are thought to influence susceptibility to various environmental exposures. In practice, however, this information is rarely incorporated into quantitative risk assessment and risk management. We describe an analytic framework for predicting the risk reduction and value-of-information (VOI) resulting from specific risk management applications of genetic biomarkers, and we apply the framework to the example of occupational chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an immune-mediated pulmonary granulomatous disease. One described Human Leukocyte Antigen gene variant, HLA-DP beta 1*0201, contains a substitution of glutamate for lysine at position 69 that appears to have high sensitivity (approximately 94%) but low specificity (approximately 70%) with respect to CBD among individuals occupationally exposed to respirable beryllium. The expected postintervention CBD prevalence rates for using the genetic variant (1) as a required job placement screen, (2) as a medical screen for semiannual in place of annual lymphocyte proliferation testing, or (3) as a voluntary job placement screen are 0.08%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, in a hypothetical cohort with 1% baseline CBD prevalence. VOI analysis is used to examine the reduction in total social cost, calculated as the net value of disease reduction and financial expenditures, expected for proposed CBD intervention programs based on the genetic susceptibility test. For the example cohort, the expected net VOI per beryllium worker for genetically based testing and intervention is $13,000, $1,800, and $5,100, respectively, based on a health valuation of $1.45 million per CBD case avoided. VOI results for alternative CBD evaluations are also presented. Despite large parameter uncertainty, probabilistic analysis predicts generally positive utility for each of the three evaluated programs when avoidance of a CBD case is valued at $1 million or higher. Although the utility of a proposed risk management program may be evaluated solely in terms of risk reduction and financial costs, decisions about genetic testing and program implementation must also consider serious social, legal, and ethical factors.     

1982-2000：我国非农职业的性别隔离研究

本文利用中国1982年、1990年和2000年人口普查微观数据和详细的职业类别,探索了改革以来我国非农职业性别隔离的水平及其变化趋势,并表明这种变化对劳动力市场中的性别不平等所造成的影响。数据分析结果显示,20世纪80年代,我国非农职业的性别隔离总体水平呈上升趋势;而在90年代,非农职业的性别隔离水平却呈下降趋势。我们认为导致这种非线性变化趋势的原因在于,在不同的历史阶段,影响职业性别隔离的主要因素发生了变化。我们还发现,不同地区、不同职业类型、不同教育程度或户口性质的就业人员,其职业性别间隔离程度有着明显的差异。