The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Pension reforms in EU11 countries: An evaluation of post‐socialist pension policies

This article evaluates the pension policy pathways of the 11 former state socialist nations that have joined the European Union since 2004. Focusing primarily on the post‐2004 period, the analysis discusses the most important measurable outcomes of these countries’ pension reforms, in terms of poverty alleviation, pension adequacy and fiscal sustainability. Going beyond the quantifiable concepts, we also investigate the quality of the 11 countries’ pension systems in terms of equity as well as efficiency, emphasizing the less conspicuous design errors present in these systems. Although these errors have received little attention to date, they may harm pension schemes along several dimensions, including their fiscal sustainability.     

The challenge of pension reform in Georgia: Non‐contributory pensions and elderly poverty

Georgia's national social security system offers almost universal non‐contributory basic pension coverage. The basic pension has, to date, proved effective in dealing with old‐age poverty. But Georgia's fiscal constraints and ageing population also highlight the importance of improving the pension system, in order to ensure its sustainability. This article presents policy reform choices, which suggest that, in Georgia, pension reform might include increasing the statutory retirement ages and reducing the generosity of benefits through means testing. The case of the Georgian non‐contributory basic pension might hold value for some low‐ and middle‐income countries that are considering the implementation of, or expanding coverage under, a non‐contributory pension programme.     

人口老龄化阶段我国农村养老保险的机制创新

人口老龄化是当前全球人口结构发展的基本趋势。面对人口老龄化带来的各种挑战,加快建立和完善我国农特养老保险制度是一项紧迫的任务。廓清我国农村养老保险制度的困境及其成因与变迁,分析其中存在的问题,是推进农村养老保险制度改革的重要内容。从我国农村人口老龄化的趋势和农村经济发展的实际出发,通过机制创新,建立农村养老保险制度创新机制,是完善农村养老保险的关键所在。     

战争视阈下的公共养老金制度

战争会对公共养老金制度产生重大影响。第一,战争会影响社会养老需求和供给;第二,随着战争的发展,人们的养老观念也会发生变化;第三,军人是在战争中发展起来的职业,战争会影响军人职业的养老。第二次世界大战期间,英国的公共养老金制度因为战争的影响而做出了重要调整。基于此,在设计公共养老金制度时,应该考虑到战争因素。     

实体主义批判——广松涉哲学视域中的西方哲学

在西方现代哲学各派日益把哲学逻辑化、语言化,使哲学之路越走越窄的理论背景下,广松涉以"物象化论"为哲学方法,对以康德、马赫、胡塞尔和海德格尔为代表的西方实体主义的哲学传统进行了批判,由此实现了从物的世界观到事的世界观、从实体主义到关系主义的哲学变革.在格外重视生态平衡与可持续发展的当代世界,关系主义应有实体主义所不具有的理论价值与现实意义.     

养老金制度参数分析与延迟退休对策探析

通过分析调整养老金收支平衡的5个制度参数:覆盖率、缴费率、替代率、个人账户的给付系数、退休年龄,指出延迟退休是这5个可调节的制度参数中缓解养老金压力最有效的参数,并分析指出延迟退休应是一个循序渐进的过程,在借鉴国外经验的基础上,提出适应我国国情的延迟退休的政策建议。     

我国统筹城乡养老保险制度研究评述

在城乡二元经济结构导致城乡经济发展不平衡的大背景下,政府对城乡社会养老保险制度的不同设计以及对养老投入的不同水平,造成我国目前城乡实际养老保障水平之间存在很大差异。伴随我国农村人口日趋老龄化、土地保障功能弱化以及计划生育下养儿防老观念的逐步淡化,我国农村养老问题日益凸显,构建城乡一体的养老保险制度、统筹城乡养老保险体系问题引起了社会和学者的广泛关注。文章对近年来国内学界对统筹城乡养老保险的相关研究进行了归纳,就我国统筹城乡养老保险制度的必要性、可行性、路径步骤等,进行了总结和评价,以期对政府统筹城乡养老的有关政策提供理论参考。     

六盘水市老龄化问题社会调查理性分析

老龄化社会是当今中国面对的一个严峻社会问题,城市除了要满足老人们的日常生活需要,更要满足老人们参与政治、实现个人价值、个人尊严、获得家庭归属感和临终关怀等多层次的精神需求。城市应该在社会经济发展、基础设施和公共服务设施建设中充分关爱老人,优先发展养老服务设施和机构,营造多种经济成分参与的全社会办养老的良好氛围。在城市转型发展建设大数据、大健康和大旅游产业同时,适时建设好大养老产业,满足城市社会老龄化需求。本课题正是六盘水市“十三五”开局之年,在六盘水市开展的一项基础研究,通过大范围社会调查,了解和掌握城市养老所面临的问题,梳理出未来城市养老产业的发展模式,为城市建设完善的现代养老体提供建议和参考。     

公务员与企业职工养老研究

我国社会养老保障制度的建立可以追溯到20世纪50年代。在计划经济体制下,成立了独立的机关事业单位养老保障制度和企业单位养老保障制度,之后,二者随着政策的变更走向了不同的道路。改革开放之后,我国经济高速发展,囿于历史问题,机关事业单位与企业单位在养老保障制度方面差异逐渐明显,引起公众广泛的讨论。因此,我国政府急需重视养老金双轨制运行中存在的问题,并开始进行并轨制度设计。