Developing spatial inequalities in carbon appropriation: A sociological analysis of changing local emissions across the United States

This study examines an overlooked dynamic in sociological research on greenhouse gas emissions: how local areas appropriate the global carbon cycle for use and exchange purposes as they develop. Drawing on theories of place and space, we hypothesize that development differentially drives and spatially decouples use- and exchange-oriented emissions at the local level. To test our hypotheses, we integrate longitudinal, county-level data on residential and industrial emissions from the Vulcan Project with demographic, economic and environmental data from the U.S. Census Bureau and National Land Change Database. Results from spatial regression models with two-way fixed-effects indicate that alongside innovations and efficiencies capable of reducing environmentally harmful effects of development comes a spatial disarticulation between carbon-intensive production and consumption within as well as across societies. Implications for existing theory, methods and policy are discussed.     

北京市碳排放权初始分配方式研究及国际经验借鉴

以提出北京市碳排放权初始分配方式设想为目标,通过北京市与国际上的碳排放市场、初始分配方式、碳排放权交易绩效的对比分析,得出限制比例的免费分配与拍卖分配相结合的混合分配方式在北京市最为适用,并提出分区域治理、规定剩余碳排放权去向的分配模式设想。     

中国城市化进程中影响CO2排放的政策分析

城市化进程是中国CO2排放快速增长的重要影响因素。基于自回归滞后(Autoregressive-Distributed Lag, ARDL)协整模型, 重点分析了政策因素在城市化进程中对CO2排放的影响。ARDL方法更稳健, 更适合对小样本数据进行分析。ARDL协整模型构建中以人均CO2排放量为因变量, 以城市人口占总人口比重、第二产业占GDP比重、城镇固定资产投资占全社会固定资产投资比例、政策变量等作为自变量。基于1978-2010年的样本数据所得到的研究结果显示:中国1997年节约能源法的颁布对CO2的排放起到了有效的抑制作用;同时, 城市人口比例的增长是影响CO2排放快速增长的最重要原因。因此, 制定针对城市人口增长的节能减排政策, 例如鼓励实现节约型的能源消费模式, 对实现中国CO2的减排目标具有重要意义。     

Empirical study of robust estimation methods for PAR models with application to the air quality area

Abstract

This paper compares three estimators for periodic autoregressive (PAR) models. The first is the classical periodic Yule-Walker estimator (YWE). The second is a robust version of YWE (RYWE) which uses the robust autocovariance function in the periodic Yule-Walker equations, and the third is the robust least squares estimator (RLSE) based on iterative least squares with robust versions of the original time series. The daily mean particulate matter concentration (PM10) data is used to illustrate the methodologies in a real application, that is, in the Air Quality area.     

A hybrid approach to configure eco-efficient supply chains under consideration of performance and risk aspects

Formal models that support multi-criteria decision making represent a strongly growing area in sustainable supply chain management research. However, uncertainties and risks are seldom considered in quantitative models for green supply chain (SC) design. The paper at hand suggests a hybrid approach to configure an eco-efficient SC for a new product under consideration of economic and environmental risks. Discrete-event simulation is applied to assess the financial, operational and environmental performance of different SC configuration options while the value-at-risk concept is adapted to evaluate related SC risks. The analytic hierarchy process is employed to solve the resulting multi-criteria decision problem of choosing the best option. The approach is illustrated at a case example of a fast moving consumer goods manufacturer.     

Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.     

臭氧技术在柴油机中的应用

通过对柴油发动机臭氧助燃机理分析,设计了臭氧发生器,并将其用于6135型柴油发动机台架试验中。试验结果证明：臭氧参与柴油发动机的燃烧过程起到了节油和降低排放的双重效果。     

经济增长、能源消耗、金融发展对碳排放的影响——基于金砖四国的实证研究

本文基于1993-2013年的数据,采用面板数据模型探讨了金砖四国经济增长、能源消耗、金融发展对碳排放的影响.实证结果显示:长期来看,化石燃料能耗对碳排放的影响最大,经济增长、化石燃料能耗与碳排放成正相关关系,而金融发展与碳排放成负相关关系;短期来看,经济增长与金融发展、化石燃料能耗与碳排放、金融发展与碳排放之间存在着单向的格兰杰因果关系.最后,本研究分别从经济增长、能源消耗以及金融发展三方面给出改善环境质量的政策建议.     

资源消耗对碳排放的驱动机制研究

借鉴环境影响随机模型,构建了碳排放驱动模型,分析结果表明,在以重工业为主导的背景下,在政府发展经济和居民提高生活水平的双重驱动下,城市化、居民消费增长、经济发展等都是碳排放增加的主要动因,而能源消耗结构优化才对碳排放具有抑制作用。因此,要减少碳排放只有倡导低碳生活、改善能源消耗结构,大力发展循环经济,才能切实、有效地实现减排目标。     

The energy and mass balance of Los Angeles County

We conducted an urban “metabolic” study of inputs and outputs of food, water, energy, and pollutants from Los Angeles County, USA. This region has been the subject of recent debate about the nature of population density and distribution as it relates to urban form and associated environmental impacts. We found that with the exception of food imports and wastewater outputs, inputs of resources and outputs of pollutants generally declined on a per capita basis from 1990 to 2000. Reductions likely reflected a combination of changes in public policy, improvements in technology and public infrastructure, and impacts of increases in population density. However, in comparison to other municipalities and urban regions, resource consumption per capita was still relatively high in some categories, particularly inputs of water and transportation energy. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions were lower in Los Angeles County than for the average of the USA as a whole but higher than previous analyses of urban areas internationally, largely due to comparatively high emissions from the transportation sector. Wastewater discharge accounted for less than 40% of water inputs excluding precipitation; however the partitioning of water outputs through other potential losses, specifically evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater recharge, remains highly uncertain. We suggest that more detailed information about water losses will greatly improve future mass and energy accounting for analyses of urban environmental sustainability in this semi-arid region.