排污权交易系统中政府监管策略分析

有效监管是发挥排污权交易制度优越性的根本前提.本文通过构建管制者与排污企业之间的两阶段博弈模型,在分析排污权交易条件下企业行为特征的基础上,从监管力度、许可证分配、违规处罚结构三方面,对有效实现总量控制目标的最优监管对策进行均衡分析.基于博弈分析结论并针对其不足,利用社会科学计算实验方法,构建基于异质主体的排污权交易实验平台,从动态、有限理性的视角对复杂系统监管策略进行验证分析.结果表明:实现总量控制的最优机制设计是激励企业守法排放.这并不是单纯地设置更高的惩罚力度,而是需要追求监管水平与处罚力度的统一.整合了许可证价格的动态监管策略能够更加成本有效的确保环境质量目标达成.     

中国煤电能源链的生命周期碳排放系数计量

 针对我国煤电高污染的行业背景和电力行业低碳化发展的时代要求,文章应用全生命周期分析方法建立了我国煤电能源链的碳排放计量总模型和各环节的子计量模型,进而通过详细计算得出了我国燃煤电厂单位发电量引致的子环节 当量排放及煤电能源链 当量的总排放数据,对比发现了燃煤发电环节为我国煤电能源链温室气体排放的主要环节,最后对各环节的排放结果作出了综合评价与解释。研究对增进了解我国煤电能源链各单元过程温室气体的产生来源和大小,明晰减排调控的重点方向,实现我国电力行业的低碳化发展,都具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

企业排污许可证会计核算研究

排污许可证是排污者（主要为企业）外部成本内部化的重要途径,其交易体现了排污权的产权性质。关于企业排污许可证的会计核算,本文首先将其确认为企业的一项无形资产;然后根据其取得方式、使用、转让等具体情况,按照中国企业会计准则的规定及排污许可证的特点分别选择历史成本、公允价值或名义金额等计量属性;最后,对企业排污许可证主要会计业务的处理及相关信息的披露进行了分析和探讨。     

The Benefits of Probabilistic Exposure Assessment: Three Case Studies Involving Contaminated Air,Water, and Soil1

Probabilistic risk assessments are enjoying increasing popularity as a tool to characterize the health hazards associated with exposure to chemicals in the environment. Because probabilistic analyses provide much more information to the risk manager than standard “point” risk estimates, this approach has generally been heralded as one which could significantly improve the conduct of health risk assessments. The primary obstacles to replacing point estimates with probabilistic techniques include a general lack of familiarity with the approach and a lack of regulatory policy and guidance. This paper discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the point estimate vs. probabilistic approach. Three case studies are presented which contrast and compare the results of each. The first addresses the risks associated with household exposure to volatile chemicals in tapwater. The second evaluates airborne dioxin emissions which can enter the food-chain. The third illustrates how to derive health-based cleanup levels for dioxin in soil. It is shown that, based on the results of Monte Carlo analyses of probability density functions (PDFs), the point estimate approach required by most regulatory agencies will nearly always overpredict the risk for the 95^th percentile person by a factor of up to 5. When the assessment requires consideration of 10 or more exposure variables, the point estimate approach will often predict risks representative of the 99.9^th percentile person rather than the 50^th or 95^th percentile person. This paper recommends a number of data distributions for various exposure variables that we believe are now sufficiently well understood to be used with confidence in most exposure assessments. A list of exposure variables that may require additional research before adequate data distributions can be developed are also discussed.     

传统环境艺术的文化与自然观

传统环境艺术的文化与自然观刘青砚人类自摆脱了菇毛饮血的蒙昧时代，便彰明了文明历史的开始，在这悠悠漫长的历史进程中，我们的祖先们在不断地改进自己生存的环境、缔造自己栖息的家园中，悟示出生生不息的创造力和聪明智慧的想象力。从为抵御酷暑严寒而“战天之举”的...     

Diesel Emissions and Lung Cancer1

This paper uses two different methods to assess the potential risk of human lung cancer from exposure to diesel engine emissions. One method analyzes the best available epidemiological evidence on the lung cancer risks of persons exposed in their occupations to diesel engine emissions. The second conducts a comparative analysis of laboratory and epidemiological data on diesel engine emissions and two chemically related environmental exposures–coke oven emissions and roofing tar emissions. The estimates of potential risk derived from these two distinct methods are compared. The sources of uncertainty in each method are explicitly characterized. The value of these estimates for comparing the potential lung cancer risks from exposure to diesel engine emissions with other personal and societal risks are discussed. Also considered are the limitations of these results in predicting the possible excess incidence of lung cancer from ambient exposure to diesel emissions.     

碳源计量与交易方法研究

碳管控涵盖碳基能源一切活动的管理.碳源计量是碳管控的定量依据,碳交易是为减少CO2、CH4排放所采用的市场机制.碳源计量与交易被视为碳管控水平显著提高的标记.以碳源计量中最具代表的案例,如毁林排碳、水泥生产过程排碳以及碳基固废、液废厌氧处理产CH4等,采用化学计量、IPCC模型等方法,参照联合国自然资源定价和国内外碳交易市场价格,讨论碳源计量、补偿和交易方法等相关问题.     

论碳排放权之用益物权属性

碳排放权是《京都议定书》所催生的一种新型权利。当前,碳排放权交易已成为碳减排的重要举措,但学界对碳排放权的权利属性研究不足,认识不清,不利于碳排放交易的推进。碳排放权的客体为特定数量的温室气体,符合“物”的特性;主体拥有直接支配力和排他力,以获取特定数量温室气体的使用价值为内容,故属于用益物权,符合物权法定原则。虽然碳排放权受公权性影响甚深,但不会改变其作为用益物权的法律属性。明确此点对于保障、规范和发展碳交易制度具有积极意义。     

国际海运减排博弈：中国如何规避“碳陷阱”

国际海运减排是环境政治发展的必然趋势,本文从国际海运减排博弈现状入手,提出＂碳陷阱＂的概念并进行理论解析,在深入剖析国际海事组织的海运业减排约束机制及其法理性原则问题的基础上,探讨符合中国利益的国际海运减排方案及实施模式,提出中国规避海运减排＂碳陷阱＂的对策。     

碳交易给我国节能减排目标带来的风险与机遇

在全球环境日益恶化的背景下催生出了碳交易市场,使得温室气体排放权可以像商品一样被买卖,在一定程度上既解决了环境问题又促进了全球经济的发展。与此同时,中国出台了有关节能减排的政策。认为碳交易给中国节能减排目标既带来了机遇,也存在着风险,为此,应该采取措施抓住机遇,规避风险,利用好碳交易这一事件响应国家政策,实现经济目标。通过过对我国企业的具体分析,认为我国企业一定要做到避免贪图眼前利益才能够实现长远发展。