推进职工基本养老保险全国统筹的方案设计与实施路径

党的十九大报告提出要尽快实现养老保险全国统筹。实现养老保险全国统筹是一项系统工程,尽快实现养老保险全国统筹需要把握全国统筹的内在要求,同时选择阻力较小的统筹方案。在统筹方案选择上,应考虑渐进式方案带来的政策固化风险与调整成本,以统筹实施时点划分不同的保险待遇计发办法,不失为一种可行的路径。在分析地方政府利益博弈、合理制度参数与给付标准设定等统筹难点的基础上,提出从多途径分担历史债务、建设垂直化管理的社保经办机构、建设多层次养老保险体系等方面入手推进基本养老保险全国统筹的建议。     

个人独资企业的几个法律问题

在现今市场利益主体呈多元化发展的背景下,个人独资企业的民事主体地位应当得到确立.那种把"能否独立承担民事责任作为判断能否成为民事主体的标准"的观点是错误的.个人独资企业是可以继承的,但其组织形式可能会发生改变.在债务承担上,应该遵循"双重优先原则",以便更好地处理个人独资企业与投资人双方或单方资不抵债时的债务清偿顺序问题.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

青岛市现代农业优先发展领域评价与选择

以青岛市农业优先发展领域的技术预见为例,采用统计分析法和综合指数评价法对德尔菲调查问卷信息进行了深入分析。结果显示：青岛现代农业发展总体水平一般,部分领域在全国处于领先地位,但与发达国家相比,差距依然明显;农业资源高效利用、农产品安全生产与质量控制、农产品精细加工与物流、生态农业和农业动植物育种是青岛现代农业优先发展的重点领域。     

The Stability and Change of Value Structure and Priorities in Childhood: A Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study explores the stability and change of values in childhood. Children's values were measured in Poland three times (with one‐year intervals) using the Picture Based Values Survey (PBVS‐C; Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, & Bilsky, 2010), developed to measure values differentiated according to the circular model of Schwartz (1992). 801 children (divided into 5 cohorts aged 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 years at the first measurement occasion) completed the PBVS‐C three times on a yearly basis. Separate analyses were performed for each cohort using the data of the three measurement occasions. Multidimensional scaling revealed that, in children, Schwartz's (1992) circular structure of values is stable and does not change over time. Although priorities of values displayed moderate stability over time, the means changed between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Specifically, latent growth curve modeling revealed changes in children's values hierarchy as indicated by the decrease in the mean level of conservation values and the increase in the mean level of openness to change values. Self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement also changed in different directions. As indicated by mean levels over time, self‐transcendence first increased in importance, slightly decreased, and finally increased again. In contrast, self‐enhancement first decreased in importance, then increased, and finally began to decrease again.     

企业低碳制造战略形成与实施的机理分析

低碳战略转型是企业应对碳排放约束与顾客偏好的必由之路,为此将企业制造战略演进为低碳制造战略（LCMS）。在新制度主义与系统动力学理论的基础上,对企业LCMS的结构要素、企业LCMS形成和实施的驱动因素以及企业LCMS实施的动力机制进行了研究。研究结果表明:（1）当企业所受外部压力和内部动力要求的目标绩效大于当前绩效时,迫使企业规划和实施LCMS;（2）企业LCMS实施的阻力是由竞争优先权与低碳制造实践之间的非一致性产生的;（3）企业LCMS实施处于稳定状态的判据是企业当前绩效接近目标绩效,或者阻力不小于外部压力和内部动力之合。据此,需要政府在环境政策制定方面,不仅强调强制性法规,还应侧重激励性法规。同时,企业管理者也应具备管理创新的胆识,及时缓解企业LCMS实施过程中产生的矛盾。     

All the News That Fits to Print: Desk Competition for Front‐Page Space at The New York Times1

Where sociologists find resources, they infer power or status. However, sometimes resources are fleetingly held rather than enduringly controlled, and then status only translates into resources given impetus, or the motivation and momentary capacity to make resource claims. Status then rests on relations of impingement, whereby one actor gains resources and another loses them when the former’s impetus surges. These ideas are developed through an analysis of desk competition for front‐page space at The New York Times (1980–2005), where impetus is operationalized as the total number of newsworthy articles at each desk’s disposal on a given day. Statistical analysis reveals that all desks impinge and are impinged upon, though not equally, but also that a desk’s ability to impinge (efficacy) and susceptibility to impingement (vulnerability) are subject to change through time. This helps explain the most striking change in front‐page composition during this period: the sharp increase in national front‐page articles, and a corresponding decline in foreign front‐page articles, in the early 1990s.     

What's Wrong with Hazard‐Ranking Systems? An Expository Note

Two commonly recommended principles for allocating risk management resources to remediate uncertain hazards are: (1) select a subset to maximize risk-reduction benefits (e.g., maximize the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility of the selected risk-reducing activities), and (2) assign priorities to risk-reducing opportunities and then select activities from the top of the priority list down until no more can be afforded. When different activities create uncertain but correlated risk reductions, as is often the case in practice, then these principles are inconsistent: priority scoring and ranking fails to maximize risk-reduction benefits. Real-world risk priority scoring systems used in homeland security and terrorism risk assessment, environmental risk management, information system vulnerability rating, business risk matrices, and many other important applications do not exploit correlations among risk-reducing opportunities or optimally diversify risk-reducing investments. As a result, they generally make suboptimal risk management recommendations. Applying portfolio optimization methods instead of risk prioritization ranking, rating, or scoring methods can achieve greater risk-reduction value for resources spent.     

Need, allocation and justice — on priorities in the social services

Cuts in public spending and financial constraints faced by Swedish municipalities have led to an increased interest in issues concerning priorities. This interest reflects a practical need to meet current rationing with accurate allocative decisions, where the interests of different areas and categories of users are dealt with in a well-considered way. In social work, these needs today are obvious. The article raises issues concerning priorities with relevance for social work in the Swedish social services. The purpose is to develop a conceptual and theoretical framework regarding how priorities on different levels of decision-making are made, where the main focus is on different principles as grounds for and forms of prioritizing. Central are the following questions: What actors can be identified in the process of shaping priorities in social work? What are the principles behind allocative decisions made on different levels of the municipal organization? Which categories of potential and actual users gain advantages or suffer disadvantages from different allocative principles? A theoretical division into first- and second-order decisions and of allocations from notions of efficiency, justice and self-interest offer the main structure for the article. First-order decisions are political decision-making concerning the total amount of resources distributed to various sectors or programs. Second-order decisions deal with the issue of how to allocate given resources among claimants or possible users. Efficiency is discussed from the aspects of productivity, marginal utility and longterm effects. Material principles of justice dealt with are the principles of need, increment, contribution and merit. Self-interest is discussed in terms of self-serving bias, group-oriented interests and professional gain.     

农民专业合作社发展的重大问题与推进措施

农民专业合作社的蓬勃发展,成为近年来农村改革发展中的突出亮点之一,促进了规模经营、农业科技推广,提升了农产品质量安全水平,增加了农民收入,创新了社会管理,对建设现代农业、促进农民增收、建设社会主义新农村发挥了重要作用。要实现使合作社成为现代农业经营组织的宏大目标,当前应重点研究和把握好服务农民的宗旨、合作社的治理结构;特别要重视提高合作社的市场竞争能力;要尊重和鼓励合作社的机制创新;要科学处理政策扶持与合作社自我发展的关系。在合作社进入数量快速增长的新时期,更加注重合作社的规范发展和质量提升,一手抓发展、一手抓规范,积极推动立法建制,健全法律法规体系,为合作社发展提供法制保障;加强对合作社的指导,引导合作社规范化、上水平发展;加大扶持力度,不断增强合作社的发展动力;重视为合作社提供服务,不断增强合作社的竞争能力。