试论文化差异与翻译

语言本身即是一种文化现象, 它是文化的产物, 同时又是文化的载体。语言与文化这种密不可分的关系决定了语言的翻译也离不开文化。每一人类社会的文化都有自身的特点, 文化之间存在着差异。     

Sex Related Factors in the Perception of Threatening Facial Expressions

This study replicated and extended previously reported sex differences involving both viewer and target in the recognition of threatening facial expressions. Based on the assumption that the evolved cognitive mechanisms mediating anger recognition would have been designed by natural selection to operate quickly in the interests of survival, brief tachistoscopic presentation of stimulus photographs was used. Additionally, in contrast to prior published studies, the statistical methods of signal detection research were used to control for the confounding effects of non-random guessing. The main hypothesis, that anger posed by males would be more accurately perceived than anger posed by females, was supported. A secondary hypothesis, that female-posed anger would be more accurately perceived by women than by men, received partial support. Testosterone levels, measured inferentially in terms of diurnal cycles, failed to show the hypothesized positive relationship to accuracy of anger perception.     

电力市场中差价合约的合谋效应

电力市场条件下,各发电企业的电力同时通过实时市场和能回避实时电价波动风险的中远期合约市场进行销售。差价合约是重要的中远期合约。本文通过一个古诺双寡头模型分析了差价合约对厂商市场行为的影响。研究表明,在一个时期内,电力市场中的差价合约降低了发电厂商提高实时电价的激励,也降低了发电厂商的利润,提高了市场运行的效率;但在一个无限重复博弈的动态环境中,差价合约促进了发电厂商之间的合谋,损害了竞争。管制机构可以通过限定最小差价合约电量消除差价合约的合谋效应。     

Why do Asian Americans academically outperform Whites? – The cultural explanation revisited

We advocate an interactive approach to examining the role of culture and SES in explaining Asian Americans' achievement. We use Education Longitudinal Study (ELS) 2002 baseline data to test our proposition that the cultural orientation of Asian American families is different from that of white American families in ways that mediate the effects of family SES on children's academic achievement. The results support our hypothesis, indicating that: (1) SES's positive effects on achievement are stronger among white students than among Asian-Americans; (2) the association between a family's SES and behaviors and attitudes is weaker among Asian-Americans than among Whites; (3) a fraction of the Asian-White achievement gap can be accounted for by ethnic differences in behaviors and attitudes, particularly ethnic differences in family SES's effects on behaviors and attitudes. We find that Asian Americans’ behaviors and attitudes are less influenced by family SES than those of Whites are and that this difference helps generate Asians’ premium in achievement. This is especially evident at lower levels of family SES.     

中国涉外企业跨国经营的文化准备分析

涉外企业的文化建设对其成功开展经营活动起着重要作用。在进行跨文化建设时,可利用霍夫史特德提出的五要素观点来区分不同文化的差异,摆脱对文化差异性的恐惧,对东道国文化进行调查分析和科学评估,开展跨文化交流和培训等多种手段构建企业的全球文化体系,帮助企业获得成功。     

影响中美关系的能源因素

随着国际市场石油天然气价格的日益攀升,中国作为石油需求增长最快的国家,自然成为国际社会关注的焦点。在中国崛起的背景下,美国有关“中国能源威胁论”的论调不断泛起,美国政界和学界对中国的能源战略表示出极大的关注。但由于中美双方政治上缺乏互信,又对彼此的能源战略缺乏足够的了解,中美在能源问题上存在极大的疑虑和分歧。消除分歧,增进了解,加强合作,无论对中美关系还是对世界的和平与稳定都具有重大的意义。     

中美婚姻伦理差异研究

中美两国不同的经济发展水平和文化传统使两国的婚姻伦理存在差异。在婚姻的选择上中国家庭注重整体利益,美国家庭则注重个人情感。这体现在中美两国不同的婚姻前提条件和婚姻决定权上。婚后,夫妻关系成为婚姻伦理的主要部分,中国夫妻的关系较为密切,而美国夫妻即使关系再亲密双方也会保持一定的独立性,这与两国夫妻不同的家庭地位和相处模式密切相关。中美两国的离婚率和离婚原因反映出当婚姻出现问题时,中国家庭会本着"从一而终"的观念尽力挽回,而美国家庭则是用"顺其自然"的态度面对。     

Neuroticism,locus of control,type A behaviour pattern and occupational stress

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between individual differences in personality and susceptibility to stress in the workplace. Stress in lecturers employed by a computer training organization was assessed by means of self-report and measurement of salivary cortisol output during lecturing and non-lecturing weeks. Neuroticism, Type A behaviour pattern and locus of control were measured. Self-reported stress was found to be much greater during lecturing weeks, but cortisol levels were unaffected by working conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and locus of control and a negative correlation between locus of control and Type A behaviour pattern that approached significance. Multiple regression was employed to explore relations between personality and stress. Subjects with lower neuroticism scores yielded a bigger increase in reported stress, in the lecturing compared with the non-lecturing week, than subjects with high neuroticism scores. Type B subjects showed a progressive decrease in cortisol over the working week while Type A counterparts showed a resurgence of cortisol towards the end of the week. Finally, Type B subjects having an internal locus of control showed a faster decline in cortisol level during the lecturing week than the other subjects. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of the importance simultaneously incorporating a variety of individual differences in personality dimensions and stress indices in research designs.     

The Role of Emotions in Risk Communication

We present two experiments investigating the role of emotions concerning technological and natural hazards. In the first experiment, technological hazards aroused stronger emotions, and were considered to be riskier than natural hazards. No differences were found between the texts versus audio presentations. However, the presence of pictures aroused stronger emotions and increased the perceived risk. Emotions play a mediating role between hazard types and perceived risk, as well as between pictures and perceived risk. The second experiment adopted real‐world materials from webpages and TV. Emotions again play a mediating role between pictorial information and risk perception. Moreover, specific emotions were found to be associated with different types of action tendencies. For example, loss‐based emotions (e.g., fear, regret) tend to lead to prevention strategies, whereas ethical emotions (e.g., anger) lead to aggressive behavior. We also find that loss‐based emotions in the technical hazard scenario trigger more coping strategies (from prevention to retaliation) than in the natural hazard scenario.     

陕西省环境污染的地域差异性分析

本文以陕西省为研究对象,运用2001—2006年的环境监测数据,以空气污染和水体污染为侧重,分析了省域内环境污染的地域差异性,并从产业结构、社会发展等多方面探索污染差异性的形成原因,最后针对性地提出相关对策建议。