新冠疫情下停工期无薪休假制度探究

作为一种弹性工作方式,无薪休假通常运用于企业经营困难时期,以平衡劳资利益、稳定劳动关系,部分企业在此次新冠疫情停工期间进行了无薪休假的尝试。无薪休假具体表现为“缩短工时并相应地减少工资”,其在我国是一个新兴事物。若要引入“无薪休假”有必要厘清无薪休假实施的基础,考量我国引入无薪休假的必要性,并在考察域外无薪休假经验做法的基础上,结合实际情况构建我国无薪休假制度,重点在于劳资协商、最低工资保障与劳动监察等方面的规制。     

中国古代土地"活卖"关系之考释--兼论《中华人民共和国民法典》对"典权"制度的取舍

在中国传统的农业社会,土地交易频繁,且以"活卖"为其特色。活卖的习俗源于北齐时期的"贴卖",其特点是出卖人暂时让渡土地所有权而保留日后回赎的权利。它是中国古代民间社会里一种常见的土地交易方式,与中国古代漫长的小农经济以及人们与之相适应的财富观念有极大的关系。     

护理人员履行告知义务的探讨

在新的生物—心理—社会医学模式的指导下 ,如何在护理活动中履行告知义务 ,维护护患双方的合法权益至关重要。在护理人员的伦理道德正面临着新的要求和挑战的情况下 ,通过自身体会从各方面对护理人员如何正确地履行告知义务进行了深入而广泛的探讨 ,是非常具有现实意义的     

劳动合同协议解除制度的漏洞及其填补——以黄彩嫦诉日广电子厂案为例

劳动合同协议解除制度具有解决劳动争议、平衡劳资关系、倾斜保护劳动者合法权益等积极意义,然而实践中其因长期缺乏强行性法律规范而处于完全的“任性”状态,引发了用人单位滥用劳动合同协议解除制度的乱象。我国现行的劳动合同协议解除制度存在协议解除的适用要件不明,协议解除的程序规范缺位,劳动关系利益衡量错位,劳动立法表达模糊不清等缺陷。为填补劳动合同协议解除制度的诸多漏洞,有必要厘清劳动合同协议解除制度的适用条件及适用情形,设置协议解除的专门法律程序,坚持利益衡量原则,规范劳动立法用语表达,以期劳动合同协议解除制度的良性效应获得可持续发挥。     

有限性与有效性： 基层社会治理中传统乡规民约价值的扬弃与再造

作为一种本土化的社会治理资源,传统乡规民约在基层社会治理中不仅承担着政府“有形之手”的治理功能,而且发挥着市场“无形之手”规范引导与“第三方力量”组织协调的重要功能,是维护乡土社会良序美俗和社会稳定的“地方法”。但是,随着我国市场化、城镇化发展的不断加速和乡土社会秩序重构的加快,传统乡规民约面临着治理理念落后、合法性不足、治理效果日渐式微、手段单一落后、治理效果不具通约性等现实困境和治理限度,严重阻碍了乡规民约在基层社会治理中价值与功能的发挥。为此,扬弃和再造传统乡规民约,推动乡规民约与时代精神、法律规范、基层自治和政府治理等现代治理文明有效衔接,积极回应当下我国农村基层社会治理所面临的新问题和新变化,显得尤为紧迫和重要。     

专利标准化危机及其应对之策——以中国标准专利第一案为例

专利标准化在推动技术创新、增进社会福利等方面起到了重要作用,但对其可能带来的负面影响和溢出效应应当抱持足够的谨慎态度。实践中由于标准组织不作为、FRAND 协议不明确以及标准化法律关系不清晰等因素诱发标准必要专利权不断被滥用,具体表现为FRAND劫持风险加剧、标准必要专利侵权诉讼大幅增加、技术标准目标被异化等情形愈演 愈烈。为应对专利标准化系统危机,有必要廓清专利标准化法律关系,在《标准化法》中明确标准组织的法律地位,增设FRAND具体规则,构建完整有序的专利标准化法律保障机制 ,实现标准组织、标准必要专利持有者、标准实施者三者间的利益平衡,以期规范并引导专利标准化发挥良性效应。     

A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS FOR INTER-RATER AGREEMENT

An analysis of inter-rater agreement is presented. We study the problem with several raters using a Bayesian model based on the Dirichlet distribution. Inter-rater agreement, including global and partial agreement, is studied by determining the joint posterior distribution of the raters. Posterior distributions are computed with a direct resampling technique. Our method is illustrated with an example involving four residents, who are diagnosing 12 psychiatric patients suspected of having a thought disorder. Initially employing analytical and resampling methods, total agreement between the four is examined with a Bayesian testing technique. Later, partial agreement is examined by determining the posterior probability of certain orderings among the rater means. The power of resampling is revealed by its ability to compute complex multiple integrals that represent various posterior probabilities of agreement and disagreement between several raters.     

Three optimal cut-point selection criteria based on sensitivity and specificity with user-defined weights

Methods: Based on the index S (S = SENSITIVITY (SEN) × SPECIFICITY (SPE)), the new weighted product index S_w is defined as S_w = (SEN)^2w × (SPE)^2(1-w), where (0≤w≤1). The S_w is developed to be a new tool to select the optimal cut point in ROC analysis and be compared with the other two commonly used criteria.

Results: Comparing the optimal cut point for the three criteria, the wave range of the optimal cut point for the maximized weighted Youden index criterion is the widest, the weighted closest-to-(0,1) criterion is the narrowest and the weighted product index S_w criterion lays between the ranges of the two criteria.     

Psychiatric Disorders and Treatment in Adoptees: A Meta-Analytic Comparison with Non-Adoptees

ABSTRACT

This meta-analysis integrates the results of 85 studies on psychiatric disorders and treatment in adoptees and non-adoptees. The risk of adoptees experiencing psychiatric disorders, contact with mental health services, or treatment in a psychiatric hospital was approximately twice as high as that of non-adoptees. Elevated risks were observed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders/oppositional defiant disorders, depression, substance use disorders, and psychoses. Larger effect sizes were, in part, found in clinical studies than in community-based studies, in studies with a higher percentage of individuals adopted after the age of three years and international adoptees, and in older studies.     

新兴国家如何应对美欧大飞机补贴新规则——美国诉欧盟大飞机WTO案件评析

波音和空客公司垄断着全球大飞机市场,双方政府都提供了巨额补贴,为此两国进行了两次诉讼。美国诉欧盟最新讼案经DSB近7年的审理,上诉机构做出终裁。裁决适用了《SCM协议》并做出新的规则解释,对欧盟各项补贴措施只予有限禁止,对第三方的"警示"作用大于对美国的"救济"作用。文章通过对该案评析,认为新兴国家应在基础设施、政府投资、贷款支持、研发资助等方面采取可行措施以应对美欧的新规则。