再分配制度下的工具型媒介角色 ——湘中S村的个案阐释

作者简介： 　　                             通过对建国至改革开放前一段时期内农村大众传播简史的梳理,可以看出广播与电影是湘中S村主要的传媒形态,传播结构是国家层层渗入的单向传播体系,传播功能主要在于宣传党的方针、政策,传播内容有浓厚意识形态色彩,部分传媒同时提供了娱乐和文化的内容,大众传媒主要表现为党与国家宣传的工具。这套传播体系体现了当时国家制度与资源配置方式的内在要求。     

Transferring from the poor to the rich: Examining regressive redistribution in Chinese social insurance programmes

Social insurance promotes progressive redistribution through risk pooling and cross‐subsidy. However, in China, risks and protection are mismatched, with benefits and protection accruing to the privileged while high‐risk groups are inadequately protected. This article reports on a study of the sources of regressive redistribution in Chinese pension, health and unemployment insurance programmes, and discusses the possible cause of this redistribution paradox. It argues that the government has adopted different strategies for welfare reform towards different socioeconomic groups. For the core groups, such as public employees, reform has been characterised by replacing old programmes with new (i.e., a replacement strategy). For marginal groups, the government has handed off its responsibilities to individuals and the market (a retrenchment strategy). This political pecking order of welfare reform is the cause of distorted distributional outcomes. As social policy programmes continue to spread in developing countries, China's case illustrates that they may reinforce existing disparities rather than realise progressive redistribution, risk management and social inclusion.     

How much do OECD countries spend on social protection and how redistributive are their tax/benefit systems?

The global economic crisis has reignited interest in social policy and public spending on different types of social benefits. Public social spending‐to‐GDP ratios are often used to consider the magnitude of welfare systems in international perspective, but such comparisons alone give an incomplete picture of social effort across countries. This article looks at these different factors, before briefly considering the redistributive nature of tax/benefit systems in different member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). The article also considers trends in social spending and compares spending in the late 2000s with the early 1990s when the previous economic crisis played out. The article ends by illustrating the profound effect the recent global economic crisis had on social spending trends across OECD countries.     

"初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平"分析

江泽民同志指出:"初次分配注重效率,发挥市场的作用,鼓励一部分人通过诚实劳动、合法经营先富起来.再分配注重公平,加强政府对收入分配的调节职能,调节差距过大的收入."我们要正确理解其内涵,准确把握其辩证关系,并切实贯彻好这一指导思想,在社会主义实践中真正实现两者的和谐统一,从而把中国特色社会主义事业不断推向前进.     

中国城镇养老保险制度改革方向:基金积累制抑或名义账户制

对中国城镇养老保险制度改革方向的探索,应当考察养老金制度向基金积累制转轨的实质及其对经济的影响。养老金制度向基金积累制转轨的实质是被动型赤字财政政策+缴费确定型现收现付制,运作模式改变的只是给付方式,由原来的待遇确定型变成缴费确定型,并没有从根本上改变原有现收现付的筹资方式。养老金制度向基金制转轨不能应对人口老龄化风险,却使得国家在财政政策运用上陷入被动的局面,给经济带来挤出效应、市场扭曲与逆向收入再分配等诸多负面影响。中国目前缺乏有效的投资渠道,资源配置效率不高且收入分配状况恶化。改革的匡正之道,应是立足于建立非纳费型国民基础养老金计划与缴费型名义账户制计划相结合的基本养老保险制度,提升制度激励,消除劳动力流转障碍,实现统筹城乡协调发展。总之,基金积累制不是养老金制度改革需要达到的真正目的,名义账户制模式才是养老金制度改革的目标归宿,是优化部分积累制技术路线的不二选择。     

Has the redistributive effect of social transfers and taxes changed over time across countries?

In most Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation Development (OECD), the income gap between rich and poor has widened over the past decades. This article analyses whether and to what extent income taxes and social transfers have contributed to this trend. Has the redistributive impact of different social programmes changed over time? We use microdata from the LIS Cross National Data Center in Luxembourg for the period 1982–2014 and study both the total population and the working‐age population. In contrast to the results of some other studies, especially by the OECD, we do not find that redistribution has declined. Tax‐benefit systems around 2013 are more effective at reducing income inequality compared to the mid‐1980s and the mid‐1990s, especially among the total population. Changes in social programmes are not a driver of greater income inequality across the countries included in this study.     

弗雷泽三维正义理论刍议

随着时代的变迁,西方的正义理论在其原有的框架内已经不能解释当今资本主义社会中的非正义冲突。为了客观而全面地理解正义,南希·弗雷泽提出了独具特色的反规范的正义批判理论。她的理论中最为重要的是对正义实质的界定,即讨论"什么的"正义。在弗雷泽看来,当代社会的正义理论应该具有经济、文化和政治三重维度,与之相对应,正义应该包括再分配正义、"承认"正义和代表权正义。她的正义理论有助于我们厘清中国当前凸显的社会矛盾,促进我国公平正义社会的构建。     

Mandatory occupational welfare: Severance pay as an unemployment compensation instrument

This study focuses on the conceptual and empirical development of severance pay (SP)/redundancy pay schemes established through centralized collective agreements (in Nordic countries) and legislation for unemployment compensation. It argues that these “mandatory” occupational welfare benefits have been neglected in social policy debates due to the ambiguity in their conceptualization, overemphasis on their cost implications, and the nonrecognition of their redistributive effects. The study offers quantitative indicators to analyse SPsapos; redistributive structure (coverage, generosity, and benefit equality) during the Global Recession in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, and Sweden. The findings demonstrate that SP schemes possess distinctive elements in Southern European, Continental European, Anglo-Saxon, and Nordic clusters. The indicators are also used to analyse the interplay between these schemes and unemployment insurance/assistance in these clusters.