Comparing Expressed and Revealed Preferences for Risk Reduction: Different Hazards and Question Frames

Studies often note the wide differences that exist in costs per death avoided across U.S. federal programs and regulatory contexts. This paper explores two new, related explanations for these differences. First, it argues that the patterns of revealed preferences (public allocations) may be related to public values, which are measured here through subjects' expressed preference responses to a contingent valuation survey regarding risk reduction. Subjects' expressed values are compared to actual (and proposed) costs of safety regulations for a similar set of hazards. We discover strong congruence in the ranking of expressed values and actual values. Second, the paper presents the results of a subsequent survey that investigates why the patterns observed in the first survey might occur. It suggests that one reason for the observed similarities between revealed and expressed preferences may be in how choices are framed. The paper hypothesizes that both subjects and decision makers may frame valuation decisions in the same way: as percentage changes from the reference point provided by the base rate of deaths for that hazard.     

Who Reaps the Benefits,Who Bears the Risks? Comparative Optimism,Comparative Utility,and Regulatory Preferences for Mobile Phone Technology

Although the issue of risk target (e.g., self, others, children) is widely acknowledged in risk perception research, its importance appears underappreciated. To date, most research has been satisfied with demonstrating comparative optimism, i.e., lower perceived risk for the self than others, and exploring its moderators, such as perceived controllability and personal exposure. Much less research has investigated how the issue of target may affect benefit perceptions or key outcomes such as stated preferences for hazard regulation. The current research investigated these issues using data from a public survey of attitudes toward mobile phone technology (N= 1,320). First, results demonstrated comparative optimism for this hazard, and also found moderating effects of both controllability and personal exposure. Second, there was evidence of comparative utility, i.e., users believed that the benefits from mobile phone technology are greater for the self than others. Third, and most important for policy, preferences for handset regulation were best predicted by perceptions of the risks to others but perceived benefits for the self. Results suggest a closer awareness of target can improve prediction of stated preferences for hazard regulation and that it would be profitable for future research to pay more attention to the issue of target for both risk and benefit perceptions.     

证券市场不同发展模式的政府证券监管

因经济、政治背景不同和证券市场发展路径的差异,导致发达国家和新兴市场国家政府证券监管权的发展呈现出不尽相同的特征,但两种类型国家的历史仍然有共同的规律性,这对我国政府证券监管权的制度设计有着重要的启示作用。     

Impact of Hazardous Substances Regulations on Small Firms in Delaware and New Jersey

Regulations under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act impose significant requirements on firms handling hazardous chemicals. The nature of the regulations would suggest that small firms, because of limited resources and other structural limitations, would experience more difficulty complying with the regulations than large firms. To understand the difficulties imposed by the regulations on small firms, we interviewed ten small firms in Delaware and New Jersey, states with existing hazardous regulations similar to those being considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and evaluated their responses to state regulations. The impacts of the environmental regulations on the firms and on the risk levels of their businesses are discussed. Propositions for research into small firms compliance are developed. Possible means for reducing the regulatory burden on small firms while enhancing regulatory effectiveness are suggested.     

有效资产管制条件下电网企业资产更换决策方法分析

在有效资产管制的条件下,电网企业为规避管制风险.必然采用适当的方法对其资产更换需求做出预测与决策,并使其资产更换数量尽可能与管制机构的评估数量相一致.针对现行的资产更换方法未能充分反映电网有效资产管制以及可靠性与经济性的特点,本文综合考虑上述三个要素,在分析现有电网资产更换的理论与方法的基础上.提出和分析了电网企业资产更换决策的评分法.本文认为,这种方法能够更加准确地分析和诊断资产健康状况,特别适用于电网企业资产的短中期更换数量的预测与决策,对电网企业大修、技术改造项目的合理安排也具有一定的借鉴价值.     

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”的挑战与应对

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”管理模式的提出,有利于我国外商投资规则逐步与国际通行规则接轨,也将开启我国改革开放新的篇章。本文从宏观监管措施和产业开放两个层面,分析了“负面清单”面临的主要挑战和应对措施。初步结论为:宏观监管层面,政府应该逐步让位于市场,减少政府的审批事项,加快落实从事前监管向事中、事后监管的转变;另外,消除隐形壁垒,自贸区内给予外商企业真正的“准入前国民待遇”。产业开放层面,上海自贸区的产业开放应以金融业的开放先试先行;其次,联合天津和广东等新批准设立的自贸区,在各自成熟且有优势的行业破冰改革,为我国下一步的改革开放提供更为完备的可复制、可推广的经验。     

基于建模理论的高校专业结构自主调控机制研究

新建本科高校转型发展是我国高等教育领域一次深刻的变革,探索建设应用技术类型高校发展道路,提高新建本科高校对经济社会发展的服务能力至关重要。优化和调控新建本科高校的学科专业结构,避免专业重复设置和同质化现象,是提高学校办学特色和应用型人才培养质量的有效途径。影响专业结构设置与调控的相关因素很多,应加以系统科学的研究。     

论产品责任法中的符合强制性标准抗辩

强制性标准是生产者生产产品必须遵循的标准.符合强制性标准抗辩是指产品符合强制性标准导致伤害时,生产者可减轻或免除赔偿责任.强制性标准与侵权诉讼标准各有千秋,而中国法院对强制性标准的盲目崇拜,使其赋予符合强制性标准抗辩较高的证据效力.法院对强制性标准的尊重实质上是对立法和司法权力的尊重,但这会导致产品符合强制性标准又致害时,受害人无法获得救济.中国法院应适当降低符合强制性标准抗辩的地位,使其既能维护受害人的权益又能鼓励生产者研发新产品.     

情境性调节焦点、即时情绪和认知需要对技术创业决策的影响

情境性调节焦点、即时情绪和认知需要对个体探索型技术创业决策和应用型技术创业决策的影响研究表明：（1）促进焦点的个体比预防焦点的个体在探索型技术创业和应用型技术创业上均有更大的倾向;积极情绪的个体比消极情绪的个体更倾向于选择探索型技术创业;高认知需要的个体比低认知需要的个体在探索型技术创业和应用型技术创业上均有更大的倾向。（2）情境性调节焦点和即时情绪的交互作用显著影响个体的探索型技术创业倾向,但不显著影响应用型技术创业倾向。（3）即时情绪和认知需要的交互作用显著影响个体的应用型技术创业倾向,但不显著影响探索型技术创业倾向。     

中国国企高管薪酬管制的原因及其对绩效的影响——基于委托人“不平等厌恶”模型

国企高管薪酬管制是国企薪酬制度的重点,影响着企业高管的行为和企业绩效。文章通过构建一个含有委托人"不平等厌恶"偏好的多任务"委托—代理"模型,从政府"不平等厌恶"偏好角度考察了薪酬管制的原因及其对企业绩效的影响。研究发现,政府对国企初次分配的"不平等厌恶"偏好导致了薪酬管制,而政府干预下的政治激励和高管身份的不确定性是薪酬管制实施的关键;薪酬管制降低了企业绩效,且实证检验支持国有企业绩效的"薪酬管制论"。因此,摈弃对国企高管的行政选拔是提高企业效率、推进薪酬改革的关键。