Racial Segregation,the Concentration of Disadvantage,and Black and White Homicide Victimization

Discriminatory housing market practices have created and reinforced patterns of racial residential segregation throughout the United States. Such segregation has racist consequences too. Residential segregation increases the concentration of disadvantage for blacks but not whites, creating African-American residential environments that heighten social problems including violence within the black population. At the same time, segregation protects white residential environments from these dire consequences. This hypothesized racially inequitable process is tested for one important type of violence—homicide. We examine race-specific models of lethal violence that distinguish residential segregation from the concentration of disadvantage within racial groups. Data are from the Censuses of Population and Federal Bureau of Investigation's homicide incidence files for U.S. large central cities for 1980 and 1990. Our perspective finds support in the empirical analyses. Segregation has an important effect on black but not white killings, with the impact of segregation on African-American homicides explained by concentrated disadvantage.     

Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism?

Elevated rates of mortality for African Americans compared to whites, coupled with the persistence of high levels of racial residential segregation, have directed attention to the structural manifestations of racism as potentially important pathogens for health. Using national mortality and census data for 1990 and a measure of black social isolation from whites, we examine the association between residential segregation and mortality in 107 major U.S. cities. Our analyses revealed that black social isolation tended to predict higher rates of mortality for African American males and females, although the strength of the association varied by cause of death. Socioeconomic deprivation explained a modest part of this association for black males but not for black females. Our analyses also found that a positive association between social isolation and mortality was more pronounced, for both blacks and whites, in cities that were also high on the index of dissimilarity. These findings highlight the need for research to identify the specific mechanisms and processes that link residential environments to adverse changes in health status.     

中国职业性别隔离的趋势：1982-2010

本文使用1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年四次中国人口普查数据,采用详尽、统一的职业分类系统,探索中国经济体制改革以来职业的性别隔离水平变化趋势及其原因。研究发现,全部职业的性别隔离程度自1982年至今持续上升。非农职业的性别隔离经历了一个先升后降的过程,从20世纪80年代开始提高,自1990年以来不断下降。本研究明确区分了职业结构的变化和性别构成的变化对职业性别隔离的影响,后者对理解性别不平等更有实质意义。     

The relationship between neighborhood racial concentration and verbal ability: An investigation using the institutional resources model

Relatively few studies examine the relationship between racial residential segregation and educational or cognitive outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the institutional resources model of neighborhood effects, I investigate one account of how macrostructural arrangements between race, neighborhood segregation, and school quality interact to produce inequalities in test scores. Consistent with the institutional resources model, results suggest that school quality varies across neighborhoods based, in part, on their degree of racial concentration. Indeed, school quality and other school characteristics mediate the relationship between racial concentration and verbal skills, particularly among black males. These findings have implications not only for inequalities in cognitive skills among blacks across residential space, but also between blacks and whites given high levels of residential segregation in the United States. In sum, findings illustrate yet another way in which residential segregation contributes to, and not merely reflects, racial inequalities.     

住宅非市场化供给、房价波动与经济波动——基于省级面板数据的实证研究

采用面板协整技术,利用1999—2009年中国省级面板数据分析了住宅非市场化供给、住房价格波动与经济波动之间的关系。实证研究表明：住宅非市场化供给和住房价格波动之间存在较强的负相关关系,住宅非市场化供给的增加,能够平抑商品房价格的上涨幅度;住房价格波动与经济波动之间存在显著的正相关关系,住宅非市场化供给的变化能够通过住宅价格的变化,最终会作用于经济增长,进而影响经济波动;地区经济发展水平与房地产市场发育程度的差异,对住宅非市场化供给、住房价格波动与经济波动三者之间的区域关系造成显著影响。     

宋代市民文化对南戏创作的影响

宋代是我国封建社会内部一个巨大的变革时期,随着城市的繁荣和＂重农抑商＂政策的松动,带来了工商业的蓬勃发展,随着城市规模的扩大,市民阶层逐渐成为社会阶级成分中的重要角色,其审美价值取向开始左右着艺术体裁的发展。在这样一个背景之下,平民艺术逐渐代替了贵族艺术的主导地位,艺术面向广大市民阶层张开了双臂。南戏顺应了历史发展潮流,将普通小人物的市井生活场景搬上了舞台,把市民阶层的意识形态用通俗易懂、清新自然的市井语言和流行词调表达出来,引起了巨大的社会轰动效应,受到了市民阶层群众的欢迎,在城市市井演出竞争中,逐渐占据上风,取代杂剧而成为当时南方的主要流行剧种。     

个人住房抵押贷款的政策性担保与制度构建

政府为个人住房抵押贷款提供担保是政府对住房和住房金融市场进行间接干预和调节、保障中低收入者住房权利的重要手段,其目的在于以政府信用增强、补充和提升中低收入者的信用,改善和调节住房金融市场的交易条件,鼓励和引导金融机构向中低收入者发放高比例的个人住房抵押贷款。发展个人住房抵押贷款政策性担保,应高度重视和防范住房市场本身的风险、借款人的信用风险和贷款人的道德风险。     

旧城改造对城市社会空间分异的影响——以武汉市为例

旧城改造对于塑造我国城市社会空间结构有着重要的影响,这种影响主要通过政府、企业和市民这三个主体的相互作用来体现。不同主体对不同社会群体的影响不同,使得不同社会群体在城市不同空间范围内聚集,从而导致城市社会空间分异。在运用因子生态分析法界定2000年武汉市社会空间的基础上,通过建立多元线性回归模型,研究不同主体对城市社会空间分异的影响。研究发现政府对办事人员聚集区、外来人口聚集区、离退休人员聚集区、人口快速增长区的形成产生显著影响;企业对离退休人员聚集区、人口快速增长区和农业人口聚集区的形成具有一定的影响;而市民则对办事人员聚集区、离退休人员聚集区、人口快速增长区的形成具有一定的影响。这反映了旧城改造过程中政府为主导、企业和市民有限参与的现实状况。     

An Economic Model of Friendship: Homophily,Minorities, and Segregation

We develop a model of friendship formation that sheds light on segregation patterns observed in social and economic networks. Individuals have types and see type‐dependent benefits from friendships. We examine the properties of a steady‐state equilibrium of a matching process of friendship formation. We use the model to understand three empirical patterns of friendship formation: (i) larger groups tend to form more same‐type ties and fewer other‐type ties than small groups, (ii) larger groups form more ties per capita, and (iii) all groups are biased towards same‐type relative to demographics, with the most extreme bias coming from middle‐sized groups. We show how these empirical observations can be generated by biases in preferences and biases in meetings. We also illustrate some welfare implications of the model.     

Games With Discontinuous Payoffs: A Strengthening of Reny's Existence Theorem

We provide a pure Nash equilibrium existence theorem for games with discontinuous payoffs whose hypotheses are in a number of ways weaker than those of the theorem of Reny (1999). In comparison with Reny's argument, our proof is brief. Our result subsumes a prior existence result of Reny (1999) that is not covered by his theorem. We use the main result to prove the existence of pure Nash equilibrium in a class of finite games in which agents' pure strategies are subsets of a given set, and in turn use this to prove the existence of stable configurations for games, similar to those used by Schelling (1971, 1972) to study residential segregation, in which agents choose locations.