袁宏道文学思想再认识

明中叶以后 ,以公安三袁为主力的公安派高举“性灵”大旗 ,开创了与“复古”论调大相径庭的一代风气 ,影响甚大。而公安三袁中尤以袁宏道为重 ,袁宏道的文学思想表现在三个方面 :一、识时通变的文学发展观 ;二、“独抒性灵”的创作主张 ;三、“本色轻淡”的艺术趣味。     

Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

结点之辨--对从分科教学论到分科教育学的发展的认识

针对学科教育学中存在的一些认识问题,从教育学的内部分类体系对学科教育学的发展做一梳理分析,指出正是由于对从分科教学论到分科教育学的发展历程认识不清,从而形成了诸多问题纠缠的结点。因此,通过对结点的辨析,变结点为节点,从而使学科教学论理清了自己的纵向直线发展脉络和横向发展脉络,实现了教学论与学科教育学的双向发展,学科教育学也把握住了各分科教育学之间的界线,并形成分科教学论与学科教育学和谐发展的良好态势。     

乌鲁木齐县安宁渠镇社会经济变化调查报告

该文通过对乌鲁木齐县安宁渠镇的调查 ,揭示了城镇化进程中所发生的社会经济变化 ,以及这一变化所产生的后果 ;论述了加快安宁渠镇发展急需解决的问题 ,即社会意识整合问题、知识更新问题、基础设施建设问题、体制问题等。     

论陆九渊《易》说中的社会人事观

南宋著名哲学家、“心学”思想体系创立者陆九渊,虽没有对《周易》这部奇特玄妙的经典进行过全面的阐解,但曾就《周易》经传及相关《易》理发表过许多精辟的见解。文章选取陆九渊《易》说中与社会人事观有关的内容进行评析,由此可体现其《易》说中“明体”之外“达用”的一面。     

脑死亡立法的社会意义及面临的困难

长期以来,心肺功能完全丧失一直是判定死亡的标准。然而,随着现代医学的进步,这一标准已不再适应科学的发展和社会的需要,脑死亡标准应运而生。世界上已有许多国家接受了脑死亡标准,并制订了相应的法律条例。我国在这方面才刚刚起步,在此过程中必然会遇到一些困难。因此,脑死亡立法应当谨慎进行。     

试论美术文化中的技术理性

无论从劳动产品的角度看,还是从社会的角度看,技术都是理性的表现;产品的生产过程,是一种技术展现的过程,即生产者的个性标记通过技术展现的过程,因此,技术本身也具有理性。理性的技术促进了人类社会的发展。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach
Kevin McCafferty, Ethnicity and Language Change: English in (London)Derry, Northern Ireland
Pieter Muysken, Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing.
Ulrich Ammon (ed.), The Dominance of English as a Language of Science: Effects on Other Languages and Language Communities
Andrew Goatly, Critical Reading and Writing. An Introductory Coursebook
Ana Roca (ed.), Research on Spanish in the United States. Linguistic Issues and Challenges
Ishtla Singh, Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction     

婚龄性别比失衡对社会运行和发展的影响——来自吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州农村地区的调查分析

婚龄性别比失衡问题到底有什么样的社会影响?这些社会影响的性质、影响范围以及具体表现又是怎样?为了回答这些问题,我们对延边地区进行了实地调查和深度访谈,发现该地区的婚龄男女性别比失衡相当明显。在这些地区,由于婚龄女性人口的大量向城市(国外)流动,当地的很多成年男性到了婚龄,都面临着无妻可娶的窘境。由此,对社会造成了一些负面的影响,社会运行和发展出现了一定程度上的离轨。