A Social Problems Framework for the Critical Appraisal of Automobility and Sustainable Systems Innovation

Over the past three decades, critical assessment of the automobile has evolved from a focus on the technical inadequacies of the internal combustion engine to a more comprehensive appraisal of the sociotechnical system for providing mobility. The following study charts the evolution of this discourse by focusing in particular on the way in which the Worldwatch Institute has interpreted the various problems of the motorcar during this timeframe. There are now indications that a more thoroughgoing systems view of automobile dependency is developing predicated upon three problem dimensions: fuel use, urban congestion and sedentary lifestyles. The analysis presents a social‐problems framework for beginning to conceptualize more sustainable modes of mobility in the post‐automobile era.     

Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income

Urban forests and herbaceous open space play a vital role in the environmental and aesthetic health of cities, yet they are rarely identified in land-use inventories of urban areas. To provide information on urban forests and other vegetative land cover in Illinois cities, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data from June 27, 1988, were classified for the Chicago metropolitan region (9,717 km²). Ten land-cover classes were identified, including two types of forestland (occupying 5.8% of the total area), residential land with trees (14.6%) or without trees (7.8%), cropland (37.5%), two types of grassland (7.7%), urban with impervious surfaces (23.1%), water (1.6%), and miscellaneous vegetation (2.1%). Correlation analyses indicated that household income and household density are strongly related to land covers in the region, particularly those with tree cover and urbanized land. Population changes for 1980–1985 and 1985–2010 (projected) show a pattern of increasing density in the urbanized zone concurrent with continued urban sprawl, primarily into current cropland.     

关于建立"中国转型社会学"学科的设想——兼评90年代中国社会转型研究

本文从我国社会转型期的社会实践和社会学理论发展出发,认为现在已具备了建立一门作为"转型学"分支学科的"中国转型社会学"或社会转型学的条件,指出建立这一学科具有重要的现实意义和学科意义.文章继而对"中国转型社会学"的理论与应用研究进行了学术梳理和定位,还对"中国转型社会学"的研究与发展的技术、经济社会和文化背景作了学理分析和前景展望.最后,提出了中国社会学家应抓住转型期社会创新所提供的学术创新的机会,发挥社会学家的想像力与社会观察力,以实现社会学者的社会责任和历史使命.     

超越“集体行动困境”——埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆的自主组织理论述评

自主组织理论是在对传统集体理论的批判分析中形成的,它集中探讨了一群相互依赖的个体怎样自己组织起来,进行自主治理,从而在一定程度上超越"集体行动困境".自主组织理论可为我国治道变革中面临的公共资源可持续利用、基层民主建设和非营利组织发展等问题提供一些借鉴,但必须考虑我国政治、文化传统等方面的自身特点与影响.     

中国社会转型期的社会分化与主流意识形态凝聚力的重建

中国社会正处于转型中,转型造成经济利益分化,社会结构变化,社会主流意识形态的凝聚力必须相应加强。我们应重新认识国家的社会职能,高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,以江泽民“三个代表”重要思想为指导,拓展理论与实践的空间和领域,重建主流意识形态的凝聚力。     

我国经济转型期大学毕业生失业状况分析

大学毕业生失业是市场经济的产物。与其他商品经济国家一样,我国在经济转型过程中,也出现了大学毕业生失业现象;越来越多的毕业生失业对个人、家庭和社会产生了不良的影响,也造成人力资源和教育资源的极大浪费。降低大学毕业生的失业率将随着下岗就业问题的淡化而日益突显为社会就业的主要矛盾,理应引起政府、教育部门和社会各界的极度重视。文章分三个部分来阐述,首先概述我国当前大学毕业生失业状况,然后探析经济转型期大学毕业生毕业即失业的根源,最后提出适合我国国情的、解决毕业生就业的策略性建议。     

论二十世纪中国现代历史剧的批评话语

在民族文化知识谱系都在进行深刻的现代性转型的背景下,20世纪中国现代历史剧的批评话语力图倡导剧作家们借用"话剧"这一现代戏剧样式,以一种宏伟的历史叙述艺术性地再现民族历史,实现历史剧的现代转型.     

建构市场化的三元制度创新主体--制度变迁中的政府角色转换

中国在进行向市场经济体制转型的进程中,政府一直是推动制度变迁的"第一行动集团".但在不同的时期,政府的主导作用具有不同的特点,即进行着角色的转换.本文试从新制度经济学的角度揭示制度变迁进程中政府的角色转换,分析角色转换中存在的问题及原因并探讨在向市场经济体制转型进程中如何正确定位政府的角色.     

Tales of transition: self-narrative and direct scribing in exploring care-leaving

Direct scribing is a technique that transforms oral discourse into written text, basically by typing oral material verbatim . It was developed in practice with youth in child welfare care and adapted for research data collection. The technique flattens the power imbalance in the interview situation and between oral speech and written text, supports self-reflection, democratizes the ownership of written material, is potentially empowering, and is an efficient means to produce high-quality text. The origins in practice are reviewed and a research application is discussed in detail. Thirty youths aged 18/19 from child welfare constructed self-narratives about how they conceptualized and managed the adolescent transition, and collaborated with the researcher in analysing the narrative as a story. Each interview was direct scribed and printed copy given to the participant. Participants were introduced to direct scribing by completing a questionnaire presented on a note-book computer, and some took part in a gender-specific group discussion as a final data-collection event, which was audio-taped and transcribed. The value of direct scribing and self-narrative in this research project and possibilities for other applications are discussed.     

论列宁"计算和监督"的思想具有社会协调发展的性质

论述了十月武装起义前后，列宁关于调节社会经济发展的主要思想，指出列宁关于“计算和监督”的思想充分反映了无产阶级在夺取政权时期以及夺得政权之后的社会发展思想，这主要表现为缓和社会主义与资本主义的矛盾关系，以及主张利用资产阶级专家的作用等方面。