The Probable Impact of Proposed Legislative and Budgetary Changes on the Lives of the Elderly and Their Families

The decade of the 1980s is characterized by economic uncertainty and political ambiguity regarding the direction of American public policy for the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) review demographic trends that particularly affect older adults; (2) summarize theReagan Administration's proposed cutbacks in programs and policies for the elderly; and (3) address the effects of these cuts on older individuals as well as on family systems across generations. It is our contention that the proposed budget cuts will seriously reduce a number of federal programs which have been developed to meet the needs of older adults. The impact of these cuts will be felt by all of the elderly and to a considerable extent, their families. However, the effects will be most severe for people who have poverty or near-poverty incomes, single women, and the "frail" elderly. The discussion suggests that these proposed budget cuts seem to reflect a lack of appreciation and recognition of both needs of the older individuals and those of their families. In addition, suggestions for program and policy directions, as well as further research are addressed.     

Examining Sex Differences in the Use of Direct and Indirect Aggression

Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories of behavior.

Incomplete Preferences Under Uncertainty: Indecisiveness in Beliefs versus Tastes

We investigate the classical Anscombe–Aumann model of decision‐making under uncertainty without the completeness axiom. We distinguish between the dual traits of “indecisiveness in beliefs” and “indecisiveness in tastes.” The former is captured by the Knightian uncertainty model, the latter by the single‐prior expected multi‐utility model. We characterize axiomatically the latter model. Then we show that, under independence and continuity, these two models can be jointly characterized by means of a partial completeness property.     

Stochastic Choice and Consideration Sets

We model a boundedly rational agent who suffers from limited attention. The agent considers each feasible alternative with a given (unobservable) probability, the attention parameter, and then chooses the alternative that maximizes a preference relation within the set of considered alternatives. We show that this random choice rule is the only one for which the impact of removing an alternative on the choice probability of any other alternative is asymmetric and menu independent. Both the preference relation and the attention parameters are identified uniquely by stochastic choice data.     

环境规制、技术进步与我国科技税收政策优化

环境问题日益成为制约我国社会经济持续健康发展的重要因素,在今后相当长一段时期内,我国都将处于"倒U型"环境库兹涅茨曲线的两难区间。企业是科技创新的主体,通过环境规制可以促使企业加大科技投入,提升自身研发能力,从而加快我国转变经济发展模式,实现经济结构调整,这必然要求借鉴国际经验对我国现有科技税收政策进行调整与完善。     

Judgment of distributional inequality in networks

Why is income inequality perceived and judged differently across a society? Following the social comparison theory, one reasonable explanation suggests that individuals are exposed to different local reference groups in social networks. We design a vignette experiment to study how income distributions are judged by individuals structured in networks. The experiment shows that perceptions of distributional inequality are high when network ties are unequally distributed across individuals, suggesting that network inequality contributes to distributional inequality. Beyond the network effect, inequality judgment is found to be driven by a mix of self-interest and other-regarding preference: people are in favor of group-beneficial income distributions wherein they rank high, but not extremely high, in the group. It shows that people care about not only their relative affluence, but also where others stand in the distribution.     

风险偏好与属性约简在决策问题中的应用研究

将决策者风险偏好与属性约简算法应用到具有大量属性的决策问题,提出先对决策者分类再进行决策的策略． 根据决策者的风险偏好特征将其分为风险规避型、风险中立型、风险偏好型,针对不同类型的决策者分别采取相应的算法,提取有效属性并利用有效属性进行决策; 针对不同风险偏好的决策者,提出相应的风险偏好预期规则; 提出基于优势关系辨析矩阵的属性赋权算法及基于属性值优势度矩阵的进行信息融合与排序算法; 最后通过属性值为实数与区间数的两个实际案例表明该算法的科学合理性．     

An exploration of adopters' views regarding children's ages at the time of placement

This paper describes a project undertaken as part of a masters degree at Kingston University that looked at factors which influence adopters' decisions about the ages of children that they want to adopt. This subject is topical because currently many adoptive parents want to adopt very young children, but many of the children waiting for placements are older. Relevant literature is reviewed to place the project in context and to provide a theoretical perspective on adopters' decision-making on the preferred ages of children at the time of placement. The views of adopters and adoption social workers were sought using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The majority of adopters who responded wanted to adopt children who were as young as possible. Adoption social workers who responded reported difficulties finding placements for older children. Data obtained suggests that the strategies designed to encourage adopters to consider adopting older children may have limited effect. In the conclusion, tentative suggestions are made about the implications of this project for adoption practice.     

消费者驱动的制销供应链联盟安全信号传递

从企业社会责任的一个方面--产品安全性能对消费者的影响入手,运用博弈论的基本思想,对供应链信息不对称条件下,制销联盟安全信号传递原理进行了研究。结果表明:g类制销联盟采取积极的安全信号传递策略,发出强度令b类制销联盟难以模仿的信号,市场会出现理想的分离均衡,使产品在安全责任上差异化,从而增强g类产品的竞争力。结论对供应链各成员的决策具有重要的指导意义。