传统官僚制现代流弊与行政管理体制改革的路向选择

中国传统官僚制,是家国同构、高度集权的家产官僚制。它不具备现代官僚制的科学精神、理性精神和法制精神,其浓重的人治传统对当代中国人的观念影响十分深刻。由于中国的市场经济基础、法治环境、非政府组织和公民社会的发展现状与现代官僚制的产生条件有一定距离,因此,当务之急不是模仿新公共管理模式,而是立足中国实际情况,坚决摈弃传统官僚制,学习和借鉴现代官僚制的合理成分。     

Ethics Creep: Governing Social Science Research in the Name of Ethics

This article presents an analysis of the Canadian ethics review process by a member of a Research Ethics Board. The author suggests that the new formal system for regulating the ethical conduct of scholarly research is experiencing a form of ethics creep. This is characterized by a dual process whereby the regulatory system is expanding outward to incorporate a host of new activities and institutions, while at the same time intensifying the regulation of activities deemed to fall within its ambit. These tendencies are demonstrated through an analysis of: 1) the scope of research ethics protocols, 2) the concept of harm employed by these boards, 3) the use of informed consent provisions, and 4) the presumption that research participants will remain anonymous. To accentuate the nature of this ethics creep, comparisons are made between the ways in which identical knowledge generation activities are governed within journalism and the academy. The conclusion suggests that one effect of the increasingly formalized research ethics structure is to rupture the relationship between following the rules and acting ethically. Some of the reasons for this creep are highlighted along with the risks that it poses for scholarship.     

对毛泽东“大民主”思想的再认识

“大民主”思想是毛泽东在晚年提出并付诸实践的民主理论。毛泽东提出“大民主”思想的最初目的是反对官僚主义，后来则用于进行政治斗争。“大民主”思想存在严重误区，它违背了民主的本义，忽视了民主的阶级性，违反了民主的程序性，缺乏法律上的精确性。但是，“大民主”作为一种民主政治模式，蕴含着一些合理成分，被视为社会主义民主政治的一种理想形态。而且，毛泽东在进行“大民主”实践时，其理论思维的主观动机和价值取向是值得肯定的。     

清初“纪录”小考

本文对清初的“纪录”进行了考察。“纪录”在明代业已存在,可是清代“纪录”与明代“纪录”的运用方式不同。清入关后,如果官员拥有“纪录”,遇到行政性处罚时,可以以“纪录”抵消处罚。这样的功绩与处罚的抵销开始于入关前。在入关前的汉文史料上,与“纪录”相关的记载很常见。尤其是皇太极时期有关论功行赏的史料中,“纪录”的记载经常出现。因此,清入关后“纪录”的来源很有可能源于入关前（尤其是天聪年间）的论功行赏制度。在汉文史料上,入关前后“纪录”写的都是“纪录”,但是在满文史料上,入关前后“纪录”的写法不一样。入关前的“纪录”是“ni gidaha”,入关后的“纪录”是“jergi ejehe”。本文利用顺治初纂《太宗实录》、满文档案等各种史料进行考证,将满文“纪录”的表现变化时期限定于顺治年间。另外,还以满文的语言表现为线索,对入关前“纪录”的性质及其变迁进行考察。     

Direct Payments and Social Work Practice: The Significance of 'Street-Level Bureaucracy' in Determining Eligibility

Sponsored both by governments intent upon fiscal restraint anduser movements keen to extend choice and control, ‘cash-for-care’schemes are replacing direct services across mature welfarestates. Recent legislation on direct payments, which has enactedthe UK version of cash-for-care, has attracted considerableresearch interest in the UK. Previous studies point to a numberof tensions for social workers in the implementation processwhich give rise, in turn, to considerable uncertainty, evenhostility, on the part of front line staff. This article, whichdiscusses the findings of a study of assessment and care managementpractice in one English council, seeks to make sense of socialworkers’ approach to the allocation of direct paymentsby reference to Lipsky’s (1980) theory of ‘street-levelbureaucracy’. The author concludes that despite ten yearsof managerialism, in the course of which professional practicehas been routinized and regulated, Lipsky’s work is stilluseful in analysing front line behaviour around direct payments.     

论官僚政治与商业资本的互动逻辑——双重纬度:下限和上限、矛盾与异化

唯物史观视角下,官僚政治不单纯是一个政治范畴,而是以专制政治权力为核心建构的政治形态层面、制度层面、过程层面、文化层面、技术层面的有机统一体。“下限和上限”、“矛盾与异化”构成政治哲学的双重纬度并有效解析商业资本与官僚政治两者间的互动逻辑和矛盾运动。     

权力与伦理:韦伯支配社会学中的国家理由问题

韦伯在权力与伦理之间的纠结，鲜明地体现了马基雅维里主义“国家理由”学说的双重性。和马基雅维里一样，韦伯看到，随着近代国家的兴起，政治成为一个独立的价值领域，与其他价值领域相冲突，但又不能彻底脱离其他价值领域。因此，他拒绝纯粹信念伦理，主张效果取向的责任伦理。不仅如此，他还直面马基雅维里时代尚未凸显的现代官僚制问题，把政体伦理降格为行政管理的正当性，从而使官僚制与伦理的关系问题走向前台。从这个意义上说，韦伯是一位“新马基雅维里主义者”。韦伯没能也无意彻底解决权力与伦理的冲突，他接受政治的“手段—目的”在伦理上的不一致之非理性现实，但他留下的官僚制与伦理的关系问题早已不只是一个德国问题，更是一个当代政治的普遍问题。今后中国的国家和社会治理研究不仅要从制度层面，还要从观念层面解释中国如何从传统伦理性的“家产官僚制”演变成今天的官僚制。     

Formulating the Matthew Principle: on the role of the middle classes in the welfare state

The Matthew Principle, which formulates the role of the middle classes in the welfare state, is discussed in this article. The middle classes are described as primary beneficiaries of the welfare state. This status is achieved through the ability of this social group to influence the policy-formulating process by way of six different channels of influence. It is also facilitated due to the impact of middle-class clients upon the implementation stage of social policy. A case study of employment policy in Israel illustrates the workings of different aspects of the Matthew Principle.     

'Dealing With It': Experiences of Young Fathers in and Leaving Care

The interface between two major UK Government priorities—reducingunwanted teenage pregnancies and supporting teenage parents,and improving the health and well-being of young people in andleaving local authority care—has been the focus of recentresearch. The overall aims of this study were to explore factorscontributing to early pregnancy and parenthood among young peoplein and leaving local authority care; to determine the kindsof support available to these young people; and to identifywhat enables or prevents the delivery of the support they need.Via in-depth interviews, and in four contrasting geographicalareas, data were collected from young people and service providersacross England. This paper analyses data of relevance to theexperience of young fathers who have been looked after—toconsider how the needs of these young men might be better addressedthrough policy and practice. In-depth interviews conducted withyoung fathers and service providers highlighted three key aspectsof their experience that must be addressed if future needs areto be better provided for. These are: social exclusion, trustand more flexible forms of service provision. The implicationsof these issues for future policy and programme developmentare discussed.     

当代西方社会公共领域中权力异化性扩张的成因探析

标榜崇尚自由主义的当代西方世界在公共领域中的国家权力却在异化性地扩张,这种扩张是通过技术规则的“软性专制”形式包括管理的形式化、官僚科层化、科学技术和日常生活的意识形态化以及对自由个人主义的社群主义的持续性批判等来实现的。