Is giving or receiving psychologically beneficial to older mothers in South Korea? Importance of marital status

In order to understand intergenerational financial transfers and subjective well-being for older mothers, this study argues that marital status is an important factor to be considered. Using the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), this study finds that married older mothers report higher levels of life satisfaction when they provide economic support but widowed older mothers feel higher levels of life satisfaction when they receive economic support. Also, regular or irregular financial support appears to also matter in the associations between financial support and life satisfaction. These findings suggest that married and widowed older mothers have different viewpoints about the parent-children relationship.     

Subjective well‐being in the new China: religion,social capital,and social status

We present the first nationally representative evidence on the relationship between religion and subjective well‐being for the case of China. Research on Western societies tends to find a positive association between being religious and level of well‐being. China provides an interesting critical case as the religious population is growing rapidly and the religious and socioeconomic environments are profoundly different from Western societies, implying different mechanisms might be at work. We hypothesize to find a positive association between religion and well‐being in China too, but argue social capital, for which strong evidence is often found in Western societies, is unlikely to be an important mechanism because religion in China is generally non‐congregational. Instead, we argue that the private and subjective dimension of religion matters for well‐being in China by helping adherents have an improved sense of social status relative to the non‐religious in the context of rapid social change and growing inequality. Our results generally support these predictions.     

制度变迁过程的历史沉淀成本效应分析

在新古典完全竞争市场理论——历史沉淀成本决策无关性的假设前提背景下,从未来不确定性、信息不完全和财务预算约束等角度考察历史沉淀成本对制度变迁过程的影响,为制度变迁过程确立一个新的分析视角,从而弥补了原有研究的不足。在现实经济生活中,市场不完全是常态,有限理性、交易成本、信息不完全和环境不确定性等因素普遍存在,历史沉淀成本很容易发挥作用,从而表明:未来越不确定,信息越不完全,资源越稀缺,导致财务预算越硬,历史沉淀成本效应越大,制度变迁过程越困难;反之越容易。由此可发现,在放松完全竞争市场的假设前提条件下,当事人的决策不可能不受到历史沉淀成本的影响。因此,只有当事人对历史沉淀成本的约束条件作出正确的理性反应,才能使其决策更加贴近真实世界,这对于全面认识制度变迁过程具有重要的理论创新意义和现实指导价值。     

在自然的怀抱中塑造自己的人格——徐志摩与雪莱诗歌自然意象比较

诗人对自然有着与生俱来的虔诚与顶礼膜拜,徐志摩在自然中显得逍遥而拘谨,体现出一种乐观式的悲观情思,而雪莱在自然中显得沉静而放达,渗透着一种悲观式的乐观情怀。他们通过诗歌在一种独特的体验下建立属于他们各自的自然意象群落,并且都带上了强烈的主体意识色彩,其艺术表现方式由此也各具特色。     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Subjective utility with upper and lower probabilities on finite states

This article is concerned with thresholds of discrimination of preference judgments under uncertainty. We establish an axiomatic characterization for a threshold representation, where thresholds are represented by inexact measurement of subjective probabilities, i.e., upper and lower probabilities. Since upper and lower probabilities need not be additive, the representational form adopts the Choquet integration.     

颠覆与虚无:莎剧《麦克白》与《哈姆莱特》中的主观性困境

本文通过对比莎士比亚四大悲剧中《麦克白》与《哈姆莱特》两剧主人公的性格,从主观性的角度入手,尝试分析麦克白与哈姆莱特这两个人物的性格特征及其缺陷如何造成其悲剧命运,并进一步揭示莎士比亚塑造这两个人物的现代性意义。麦克白受想象引发的欲望诱惑,犯下弑君罪行,在犯罪之后,又受同样源于想象的恐惧折磨,幻想掩盖罪行,确保安全,反而令自己的罪恶越发深重。麦克白用自己的行动不断颠覆现实,将自身放逐于自然秩序之外。哈姆莱特的困境在于,他用自己高度二元化的形而上学思维来把握世界,在自己的头脑中构建起思维与存在、本质与表象、理想与现实的对立,并在双方的对立冲突中令自己陷入虚无,从而无法完成报仇的使命。莎士比亚塑造的这两个人物,正是后来现代社会中高度主观抽象的现代人的真实写照。     

卢梭主体性教育思想及启示

卢梭的主体性教育思想强调人的主体性,凸显了教育过程中受教育者的主体地位。反映在儿童教学中,就是教育应体现儿童的天性,要以儿童作为主体,根据儿童的特点,充分发挥主动性和创造性,引导进行自主、能动的学习。为了更好地了解卢梭的主体性教育思想,本文对其作了详细的整理和系统的阐释,在介绍理论与特征的基础上,重点论述该思想的内涵及目的,思考其对现代儿童教育的启示,以期望能丰富现有的教学理论,为儿童教育的发展提供理论和现实依据。     

保晋公司创办的原因探析

保晋公司作为山西近代最大的民族工业企业,其创办是中国近代民族工业及山西近代区域经济史发展的客观产物.同时也缘于山西民众生存与发展、传统封建晋商谋求转型的双重内在需求.而山西争矿运动则是保晋公司创办的直接导火线.     

论我国刑法中的主客观辩证统一关系

对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的基本规律 ,它在我国刑法中表现为主观与客观相统一的原理 ,具体体现在犯罪构成理论、共同犯罪理论和数罪并罚理论中