Representing knowledge: instances of management information

Against the backdrop of discussions about the 'Information Society', the 'Informational Economy' and the role of IT in realizing organizational change we examine how representations of 'organizational knowledge' are constructed and used in work settings. We do this through the explication of ethnographic materials that detail the realization and use of Management Information (MI) in a major UK retail bank undergoing massive organizational change. We focus in particular on explicating how existing metric information was drawn upon to construct a representation of the work of the bank for those involved in managing that work. Systems designers have been increasingly interested in offering ways of conceptualizing the problem of 'knowledge' with a view to embedding these properties in systems. In the quest to develop representations of procedural knowledge to support work we argue that it is first necessary to understand how representations are actually created and used in work to support existing work practices.     

高校“两课”考评模式探讨

要实现高校“两课”教学改革新的突破 ,就必须变革“两课”现行考评模式。“两课”考评必须动态化———实行全程监控 ;考评方式必须多样化———做到全面测评     

高校"推优"工作的基础、点与面、制度

优秀团支部建设是高校推荐优秀团员青年入党工作的基础,党团校、社团载体是此项工作全面铺开的主阵地及其外围延伸,党内生活、任务担子与相关团、学活动则发挥锻炼重点对象实践素质的作用,双向责任,"一对一"联系人、定期考察鉴定,党团衔接则是保证"推优"过程规范化的好制度.     

A graph coloring approach for image segmentation

In this paper we develop a segmentation scheme for digital images based upon an iterative binary coloring technique that takes into account changing behavior of adjacent pixels. The output is a hierarchical structure of images which allows a better understanding of complex images. In particular, we propose two algorithms that should be considered as image preprocessing techniques.     

The True Cost-of-Living Index With Changing Preferences

This article investigates the theoretical and empirical properties of a true cost-of-living index under conditions of changing preferences. A family of true indexes is defined based on the notion of the current utility function. A particular index, based on the previous period's utility level, is then defined. Given this definition, a true cost-of-living index is computed based on a quadratic expenditure system estimated with quarterly data from 1960–1981. For empirical purposes, changes in preferences are represented by the linear habit formation hypothesis. This index is then compared with Paasche and Laspeyres indexes. The true cost-of-living index grows somewhat faster than either the Paasche or Laspeyres index. It also displays considerably more variability.     

非单调二元非线性算子方程组的迭代求解

利用锥与半序理论和混合单调算子理论 ,讨论 Banach空间中非单调二元非线性算子方程组解的存在性与唯一性 ,并给出收敛于方程组解的迭代序列和误差估计 ,改进和推广了混合单调算子方程和一元算子方程的某些相应结果 .     

The Clinician's Voice and the Limits of Bioethics

The bioethics movement has long promulgated a model of ‘principled decision‐making’ in which ethical dilemmas and conflicts between various rights, interests, and ethical principles are central. In many respects this movement has had a laudatory impact on health care and on health professionals, but we will also argue that the bioethical model of ethical analysis has important limitations. The model's theoretical orientation is discontinuous with the training and skills of health professionals, the manner in which health professionals conceptualise and solve problems that arise in a clinical setting, and the time constraints inherent in most clinical situations. As such, the model is not readily applicable to much of the day‐to‐day work of clinicians and, in particular, to the routine ethical questions and situations that arise in caring for patients. What we suggest is that the bioethical model does not take into account that health care professionals, as part of their daily work, encounter and manage difficult, often conflictual situations and that they do so by bringing to bear conceptual frameworks and therapeutic techniques that have, embedded within them, the ethical values and goals of their own fields, as well as established ways of dealing with problems and addressing competing priorities. We further argue that from a systems perspective, the bioethical model and the pragmatic, problem‐focused ethical decision‐making of clinicians operate on different levels of complexity; whereas the former is especially appropriate for situations that resist consensus or that raise significant issues of public policy, the latter serves as an effective framework in less difficult or complex situations that can be moved effectively toward consensus and closure.     

The witch doctor's pharmacist

This article explores the state of, and prospects for, training and development within the South African maritime industry, and is based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted with employers, the principal union, training institutions and regulatory bodies. Findings are that a deeply embedded racial division of labour persists, that there is a serious shortage of employment opportunities, and that training and certification remain fragmented. The article concludes that the quality of training provided is of a high standard, but there is a vital need for a coherent overall policy linking initial training with employment opportunities, ongoing skills development and the promotion of greater equality.     

中国个人所得税制度的思考

针对中国个人所得税在税制模式的选择、税率的设计以及征收管理等方面都存在的缺陷,分析了现行个人所得税制存在的主要问题,提出了改变税制模式、重新设计税率、调整减免税项目以及完善个人所得税的征管制度等改革设想,为中国个人所得税改革提供思路。     

关于地区经济发展潜力指标体系的思考

社会经济量化研究是目前中国社会经济研究的主要方式，是符合当前国际社会经济研究发展潮流的，也是大势所趋。社会经济量化研究这一方式所借助的研究手段主要包含两个方面：一是建立科学、可行的指标体系；二是量化分析的方法或模型的应用。研究要取得成功，首先要有合理、科学的指标体系，在此基础上方能展开各种模型的应用，以达到对社会经济现象的新的认识。只有通过对地区经济发展从概念到实际内容的定性分析，并结合实际指标理论以及实现指标的可能性，方能对地区经济发展潜力评价指标体系以及一般评价指标体系的建立进行比较充分和完整的讨论。