Convergence in the Social Welfare Systems in Europe: From Goal to Reality

The history of the social welfare systems in Europe in the postwar period appears as autonomous national processes because the construction of Europe which imposed common rules in many areas was equally consistent with the national development of social welfare systems, within each national culture. However, the idea of a common system of social protection has always remained linked to political and economic European construction which would create a more cohesive society. Many studies have analysed the trend of specific social policies and their convergence or divergence in Europe. Therefore, global convergence is often conceived as resulting from the domestic dynamics of each social risk. The paper focuses on one specific topic: the quantitative evaluation of convergence among the EU and OECD countries at the macroeconomic level. In the first part we explain the construction of social indicators which can assess the convergence or divergence of social expenditure in EU and OECD countries. In the second part we show many methodological problems and difficulties of interpretation of the social indicators. Then we see that the analysis of national trajectories of social expenditure and the link with economic development can enrich the analysis of convergence in social protection. Finally, the empirical analysis supports the idea of “adjustment” reforms rather than radical changes in a transitional period.     

运用评估手段 加强实验室建设

实验室建设是高校教学工作中重要的一项基本建设,是影响实验教学质量的重要因素。开展实验室评估是运用政策导向和竞争激励机制,把有关领导和广大实验教师和实验人员的主要精力引导到实验教学和实验室建设上来,依据客观的、科学的标准来衡量实验教学活动,从而使学生达到实验教学的基本要求,进而促进实验室建设的不断发展,提高实验教学质量。     

关于实现开放式计算机系统的研究

开放式计算机系统（以下简称开放系统）虽然是一个流行的名词，但它却是一个在实际工作中“无法操作”的对象。文中从开放系统的基本特征出发，通过审填的推理，导出了描述开放系统的轮廓，借助于后者使开放系统一词在现实中有了“可操作”的内涵。同时指出了开放系统的实现方法和步骤，以及作为设计者应具有的重要概念。最后，还从日常实际工作的方便出发，提出了一个简明的开放系统的工作定义。     

机器人操作器系统自适应控制算法设计

由于不可避免地存在负载、摩擦及间隙等因素的影响,常见机器人操作器系统的数学模型是一组系数未知的非线性微分方程。本文根据该数学模型,借助于对输入转矩的特殊补偿,首先导出了一种新的自适应控制算法,使常见机器人操作器系统的状态误差在幅度上比用常规自适应控制算法得到的误差要小;为了减小笛卡尔(Cartesian)坐标误差,还引入一种雅可比(Jacobian)关系,并将这种关系用于李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)直接法设计,由此而设计的自适应控制算法进一步使系统的笛卡尔坐标误差减小。计算机仿真结果证明了本文所设计自适应控制算法的优良性能。     

Uniform stochastic orderings and total positivity

Uniform stochastic orderings of random variables are expressed as total positivity (TP) of density, survival, and distribution functions. The orderings are called uniform because each is a stochastic order that persists under conditioning to a family of intervals—for example, the family consisting of all intervals of the form (-∞,x]. This paper is concerned with the preservation of uniform stochastic ordering under convolution, mixing, and the formation of coherent systems. A general TP₂ result involving preservation of total positivity under integration is presented and applied to convolutions and mixtures of distribution and survival functions. Log-concavity of distribution, survival, and density functions characterizes distributions that preserve the various orderings under convolution. Likewise, distributions that preserve orderings under mixing are characterized by TP₂ distribution and survival functions.     

从认知的角度看“（在）N里”结构的变异运用

“(在 )N里”结构中加入地点名词表示处所。在言语交际中常出现这一类结构变异运用的情形。本文简要地分析此结构变异运用的分布情况、变异运用后语义的变化情况以及如何认知此类语言现象。     

New Zealand Consumption Equivalence Scales From Quasi-unit Record Data

This paper uses quasi-unit record data on expenditures and incomes of New Zealand households of different demographic profiles to estimate consumption equivalence scales which measure the relative levels of spending required by households of different composition to attain given levels of utility. The equivalence scales with respect to specific items of consumption, as well as total consumption, have been obtained from the parameters of the preference-consistent Extended Linear Expenditure System and a few alternative versions of a rank 3 complete demand system with demand shifters. Among the demographic variables included in the models, the type of housing tenure and the actual age of children have special relevance. For the sake of comparison, a few heuristic scales are also computed. The results are largely in line with those found in similar studies of Australia and New Zealand. The analysis is developed within the framework of hypothesized utility-maximizing behaviour of households.     

英译汉中的视角转换

本文以大量译句为例 ,说明英译文时转换视角的翻译方法有时是迫不得已 ,有时候则是出于某种修辞目的。不仅英语句中的汉译可以转换视角 ,英语的某些词或短语的汉译也可以或需要转换视角。     

从认识论角度看赫尔巴特与杜威教育思想的分歧

赫尔巴特与杜威分别是传统教育与现代教育的代表人物,他们在师生观、课程观、教学组织形式等方面的分歧,实际上是认识论方面的分歧。认识这一根本分歧有利于从根本上把握双方的优缺点,以促进教育实践。     

视错觉与建筑设计

视错觉普遍存在 ,不当的视错觉会干扰人对建筑物尺度、形状和深度的认识。如何避免视错觉和如何利用视错觉 ,在建筑设计上有十分重要的意义和价值。与建筑设计相关的形象错觉的种类有多种多样 ,应具体区分并恰当利用 ,利用得好可以弄拙成巧 ,反之 ,则弄巧成拙