传统固有观念的心理暗示与中国学生的测试表现

在美国,研究已经多次证明关于智力的否定性固有观念会妨碍受这些固有观念影响的个体的成绩表现。在中国,认为女性在数学上弱于男性的观念已经持续了很长时间。本文通过一项程度颇深的数学和英语测试,对中国大学生进行了关于传统固有观念暗示理论的研究。在数学测试中,研究的假设是：同美国测试者的表现相似,受“性别数学”固有差异观念影响的女性测试者的成绩要比不受固有观念影响的人差;而在英语测试中,研究则假设受“性别语言”固有差异观念影响的男性会比不受此种观念影响的人得分低。然而测试的结果并没有证实这两个假设。研究结果对当今中国现存的社会和教育因素进行了讨论。     

国际法对战争及使用武力的规范

国际战争是国际关系的一种重要表现形态,战争和使用武力是国际法的重要调整对象。国际法对国家发动及从事战争的规范是不断变化发展的,经历了古代国际法存在一些战时规则、近代国际法承认战争自由、近代后期国际法对战争逐步限制到现代国际法否定战争或使用武力的过程。不得使用武力或武力威胁已成为现代国际法的基本原则。     

Liking and disliking minority-group classmates: Explaining the mixed findings for the influence of ethnic classroom composition on interethnic attitudes

Research on the influence of the number of ethnic minority group classmates on majority group students’ interethnic attitudes produced conflicting results. With data from 728 early adolescents, we found that the effect of the ethnic class composition depends on two opposing student-level mechanisms. First, majority group students who liked a larger number of minority group classmates developed more positive attitudes toward minority groups. Second, students who disliked a larger number of outgroup classmates developed more negative outgroup attitudes. In our sample, these two effects neutralized each other because the sample consisted of about the same number of students that liked most of their outgroup classmates and students that disliked most outgroup classmates. Results were consistent in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These results support a new interpretation of the mixed findings in past research, suggesting that past studies may have differed in the number of students who liked and disliked outgroup classmates.     

论“中国网络威胁论”

"中国网络威胁论"实质上是"中国威胁论"的衍生物,其产生的根本原因是网络领域国家行为体之间力量对比和力量消长变化,直接原因是中美在互联网领域的结构性矛盾。"中国网络威胁论"对中国的危害主要表现在经济利益的损害、网络安全的威胁、国际形象的抹黑三个方面。应对"中国网络威胁论",我们必须以身作则,树立大国责任;加强公共外交,消除他国民众误解;积极参与网络安全领域的国际合作,以实际行动赢得国际社会的信任与支持。     

Expert Views on Biological Threat Characterization for the U.S. Government: A Delphi Study

Biological threat characterization (BTC) involves laboratory research conducted for the purpose of biological defense. BTC research is important for improving biological risk assessment and informing resource prioritization. However, there are also risks involved in BTC work, including potential for escape from the laboratory or the misuse of research results. Using a modified Delphi study to gather opinions from U.S. experts in biosecurity and biodefense, this analysis explores what principles and safeguards can maximize the benefits of BTC research and ensure that it is conducted safely and securely. Delphi participants were asked to give their opinions about the need for BTC research by the U.S. government (USG); risks of conducting this research; rules or guidelines that should be in place to ensure that the work is safe and accurate; components of an effective review and prioritization process; rules for when characterization of a pathogen can be discontinued; and recommendations about who in the USG should be responsible for BTC prioritization decisions. The findings from this research reinforce the need for BTC research at the federal level as well as a need for continued review and oversight of this research to maximize its effectiveness and reduce the risks involved. It also demonstrates the need for further discussion of what would constitute a “red line” for biothreat characterization research—research that should not be performed for safety, ethical, or practical reasons—and guidelines for when there is sufficient research in a given topic area so that the research can be considered completed.     

试论高校军事课教学中非传统安全威胁的教育

当今世界,非传统安全威胁日益成为国家安全的重要组成部分,高校军事课课程理应把非传统安全威胁问题纳入教学内容的体系之中。非传统安全威胁教育的实质体现为时政教育、国家安全教育、大国防观念教育和素质教育,这与高校军事课教学大纲对军事课课程目标的要求是相一致的。高校军事课实施非传统安全威胁教育的途径有实践体验手段、视听刺激手段、思想启迪手段和舆论导向手段等几种形式。     

酒后驾车责任保险的法律和经济分析

酒后驾车能否投保责任保险,不仅涉及酒后驾车肇事是否属于故意侵权,而且涉及合同自由与道德风险、威慑与补偿等社会公共政策之间的衡量。合理的制度安排应当考虑酒后驾车行为的反社会性及其严重性,并权衡允许酒后驾车责任保险对酒后驾车行为的激励与禁止酒后驾车责任保险对受害人的危害。     

用SWOT分析法探究民办高校发展战略

使用ＳＷＯＴ法全面分析民办高校的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，对民办高校的发展战略进行了多角度的思考，并提出了民办高校可选择的四种战略：上层次战略、差异化战略、联合化战略和集中化战略。     

国外关于偏执狂认知理论与认知治疗述论

近年来 ,国外许多学者将认知理论和方法应用于偏执狂的治疗和研究 ,取得了丰硕的成果。提出了偏执狂产生的防御、归因和自我理论 ,并以此为基础将偏执狂分为惩罚偏执狂和迫害偏执狂 ,并阐述了两种类型的偏执狂起源于童年的自我构建经验的观点 ,并构建了适合两种不同类型偏执狂的认知治疗模型。     

试论结构效度的发展演变

结构效度是语言测试领域中的研究重点之一。随着语言测试的发展,结构效度各方面均发生了一定的变化。文章综合许多学者、尤其是国外学者的研究成果,分析了结构效度在内容、验证方式和威胁因素这三方面所发生的变化,指出结构效度从概念、内容到与其他效度的关系上都发生了微妙的变化,其概念内涵更加清晰,涵盖内容更加广泛,在整个效度概念中占据了更加重要的位置。同时,还指出了以往常用的结构效度验证方法的不足,提出要对结构效度进行试前和实施阶段的理论验证。最后,简要介绍了影响结构效度的因素。